Friday, May 31, 2019
Showing up the Actor :: Boxing Personal Narrative Papers
showing up the Actor When I was younger I spent much of my time alone. My father bred in me, possibly by nothing more than his example, a certain cutting England stoicism which thrived on solitude. Nothing displayed this rustic discipline more than the pop-up camper my father bought from our neighbors when I was six. From that summertime our family spent most vacations on the road, pulling the camper behind us, my father winching it up and spreading the canvas roofing in Nova Scotia or Florida or upstate New York. Many summers afterwards I insisted that I live in the camper, parked in the driveway. My mother brought me my meals and my father decided I should produce reading Hemingway. I sat propped in the tent-like house, eating hot dogs and reading terse, athletic prose about boxers and bullfights and impotent veterans. I figured out why my father named our dog Brett.I withal spent a good deal of time at elite institutions of learning. When he wasnt camping my father taug ht math at prep schools. From my birth until my quarter birthday we lived at St. Georges in Newport, Rhode Island, among the brocaded mansions like Egypts pyramids, crafted of heavy-set stones. Then, in 1981, we moved to Phillips Academy in Andover, where the shops on the chief(prenominal) street came in threes bank boutique salon bank boutique salon.I can think of no better reason than that for why I took up boxing in the summer before my Senior year of college -- than that I spent most of my youth alone at elite institutions. And yet, in my four years as a student at Phillips, enrolling eleven years after my familys arrival, I wasnt entirely alone. A friend of mine, Noah -- his father also taught on the faculty. Noah also received the xc percent tuition discount. Noahs fridge was also usually empty, because he had also eaten in school cafeterias for most of his life. He had also, for four years, somehow slipped amid the kidskin whose wealth was a ticket to fuck around and the boy whose mother was a janitor, between the blonde suburban girl whose father owned The New York Times and the tight-knit handful of urban kids who came under the banner program of A Better Chance -- that is, between privilege and opportunity. This is not to say that the 2 sides of this educational gauntlet weighed in equally.Showing up the Actor Boxing Personal Narrative PapersShowing up the Actor When I was younger I spent much of my time alone. My father bred in me, perhaps by nothing more than his example, a certain New England stoicism which thrived on solitude. Nothing displayed this rustic discipline more than the pop-up camper my father bought from our neighbors when I was six. From that summer our family spent most vacations on the road, pulling the camper behind us, my father winching it up and spreading the canvas roofing in Nova Scotia or Florida or upstate New York. Many summers later I insisted that I live in the camper, parked in the driveway. My mother b rought me my meals and my father decided I should begin reading Hemingway. I sat propped in the tent-like house, eating hot dogs and reading terse, athletic prose about boxers and bullfights and impotent veterans. I figured out why my father named our dog Brett.I also spent a good deal of time at elite institutions of learning. When he wasnt camping my father taught math at prep schools. From my birth until my fourth birthday we lived at St. Georges in Newport, Rhode Island, among the brocaded mansions like Egypts pyramids, crafted of heavy-set stones. Then, in 1981, we moved to Phillips Academy in Andover, where the shops on the main street came in threes bank boutique salon bank boutique salon.I can think of no better reason than that for why I took up boxing in the summer before my Senior year of college -- than that I spent most of my youth alone at elite institutions. And yet, in my four years as a student at Phillips, enrolling eleven years after my familys arrival, I wasnt en tirely alone. A friend of mine, Noah -- his father also taught on the faculty. Noah also received the ninety percent tuition discount. Noahs fridge was also usually empty, because he had also eaten in school cafeterias for most of his life. He had also, for four years, somehow slipped between the kid whose wealth was a ticket to fuck around and the boy whose mother was a janitor, between the blonde suburban girl whose father owned The New York Times and the tight-knit handful of urban kids who came under the banner program of A Better Chance -- that is, between privilege and opportunity. This is not to say that the two sides of this educational gauntlet weighed in equally.
Thursday, May 30, 2019
The Awakening :: essays research papers fc
Every writer has an influence. Some are influenced by the ideas that the write has some are influenced by the style, which the author writes with. Still others are so intrigued by a writer that they are not only influenced by their way of thinking and their writing, but they actually begin to mimic the author in many ways. This is the case with Guy de Maupassants influence on Kate Chopin, who is undoubtedly the greatest influence on Chopins writing.&9"Maupassant was born in Châteaude de Miromesnil, Normandy" (Encarta). He received his education at Yvetot and Rauen and there joined a literary team where he was trained as a writer of lying by Flaubert, another well know cut author (Encarta). He, like Chopin, wrote many short stories, for which he is remembered the most (Encarta). Like Chopin, Maupassants ideas were looked at as "immoral" and "mature," dealing with ideas such as "sex," loneliness, and "depression" (Jones 385). He questio ned the standards of the day, and was therefore rejected by many people as an immoral person (Jones 385). Kate Chopins interest in Maupassant began after her mother died (Toth 181). At that time she had moved to a new location in the city where she lived and began to make new friends who were kindle in the writings of Maupassant (Toth181). She described vividly how she felt upon reading Guy de Maupassant for the first timeHis writing undoubtedly moved her. Chopin claims to have felt that he spoke to her "directly" and "intimately" (Toth 181). She admired him most for the things that made him the writer that he was. She was intrigued by his escape from "tradition and authority and for having entered into himself and looked out upon life through his own being and with his own eyes"(Skaggs 205). Eventually Maupassant replaced other writers as her primary influence and "literary model" (Toth 205).&9Chopin had such and interest in Maupassant that she tra nslated many of his stories from French to English (Toth 273). Due to there content, however, several were never published (Toth 273). Chopin had been taught French by her grandmother, who wanted her to know "how to speak and write French well" (Toth 35). Through this Chopin was able to take the stories of Maupassant and easily translate them. The more Chopin translated Maupassant the more she was influenced by his thinking and writing (Tonth 274). Even in reading Maupassants stories, while they are translated, you can still tell that there is a remarkable similarity to Chopins writing and his.
Mark Twain :: Free Essays
Just as Huckleberry Finn found peril along the waters of the great disseminated multiple sclerosis River, contemporary students often find themselves treading their own deep waters trying to understand and interpret the works of author Samuel Clemens, a.k.a. Mark Twain. But what Huck Finn never had, todays literature students do the answer to any dilemma of interpretation...a website entitled Mark-Twain-Essays.Com.Tired of crawling through web pages with scant information and little to go on? THIS site contains non one.... not ten... but dozens upon dozens of essays reviewing, analyzing, & critiquing the works of Mark Twain Whether youre reading The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer for the first time or perform a comparison and contrast between Puddnhead Head Wilson and Connecticut Yankee In King Arthurs Court.Biography Twain was born in Florida, Missouri in 1835, locomote to the city of Hannibal (in the same state) when he was four. His formal schooling ended at the age of twelve, w hen he became apprenticed to a printer. His natural flair for words took him from opinion into journalism, and his wanderlust took him from journalism into the life of a Mississippi riverboat pilot (Ousby 946). Reflecting his own life Twain depicts much of his early life in the book keep on the Mississippi. As Albert Bigelow Paine writes, "In Life on the Mississippi we have Twains story of how he met Horace Bixby and decided to become a pilot instead of a South American adventurer -- jauntily setting himself the stupendous task of learning the twelve hundred miles of the Mississippi River between St. Louis and New Orleans -- of erudite it as exactly and as unfailingly, even in the dark, as one knows the way to his own features. It seems incredible to those who knew Mark Twain in his later geezerhood -- dreamy, unpractical, and indifferent to details -- that he could have acquired so vast a store of minute facts as were required by that task.
Wednesday, May 29, 2019
The novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, written by Samuel L. Essa
The novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, write by Samuel L. Clemens, whose pen name was Mark Twain, presents the evils of southern societies during the pre-Civil War period in America.The novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, written by Samuel L.Clemens, whose pen name was Mark Twain, presents the evils of southernsocieties during the pre-Civil War period in America. Clemens, awell-respected author, began writing The Adventures of HuckleberryFinn in 1876 and, after several stops and starts, holy it in1883 (19). This novel revolves around the theme of slavery versusfreedom, and was published at a time when most southern land receiveersstill owned slaves. Huck Finn is a novel that incorporates thestruggles of a young boy, Huck Finn, with that of a cruel, cargonlessworld, on his travel down the Mississippi River in attempt at findinghis own identity. In this essay, I will present textual evidence thatproves that the Seven Deadly Sins are directly associated with thetypes of e vil in the novel, making Hucks world one(a) of force-out,terror, and death. The Seven Deadly Sins will be discussed accordingto their significance throughout the novel, beginning with 1.) Pride2.) Avarice and Sloth 3.) Gluttony and Wrath and 4.) Envy and Lust.Clemens main character, Huck Finn, experiences a great deal ofviolence throughout the novel as a direct result of the mostsignificant Deadly Sin, Pride. Hucks father, Pap, is a drunkard whocontinuously exemplifies the sin of Pride. Pap finds extreme Pride inthe white man with the legality of slavery. An example of his Prideis seen when an inebriated Pap verbally attacks free blacks in theStates. He states, It was lection day, and I was... ...usion, the Seven Deadly Sins of Pride, Avarice, Sloth,Gluttony, Wrath, Envy, and Lust are significant in the novel withmaking Hucks world full of violence and death. The deadly sinscommitted throughout the work produce an undesirable life for society,and much less for a child of Hucks a ge. The wondrous adventure thatHuck assumes he will take on at the beginning of the novel, becomes nomatch to the evils that the young boy will view on his journey. TheSeven Deadly Sins are all directly linked to the evils that Huckexperiences. Hucks eventful, yet horrific adventure becomes the basefor which he is forced into manhood. The Adventures of HuckleberryFinn takes the audience from the endless summer of childhoodpleasures., open up in Clemens The Adventures of Tom Sawyer to theviolence, terror, and death that lurk at the edges of thevillage(19).
Tuesday, May 28, 2019
Plagiarism: A Pestilence in Education Essay -- Plagiarising Education
Plagiarism The Pestilence in Education When I think of plagiarism, I imagine a mortal literally stealing from another individual. The term plagiarism is derived from the Latin word plagi rius, which essentially represents the felony of kidnapping. An individual who kidnaps anothers work is a felon. Obviously, this form of larceny is not as immoral as the form for which one can be imprisoned however, most educators and honest students view plagiarism in this manner. Within education I conceive that there are two kinds of plagiarism copying a paper word-for-word and not providing the correct recognition to the original author when utilizing their composition. I believe that each situation of plagiarism should be considered serious enough to investigate in order to determine an appropriate consequence. If an individual is not loose on how to cite works properly within the context of an essay, then the omission should be determined non-intentional and, therefore, not subject to punishm ent. However, if someone deliberately duplicates soulfulness elses work, then he or she should be reprimanded. This form of pilfering usually occurs in the higher levels of education, as in high school or college. Steiner 2 When I attended Calabasas High School, I was caught cheating in my tenth grade European History class by my instructor, Mr. White. This offense consisted of giving a chap student, who sat in front of me, my homework. My friend told me he intended to compare his homework to mine. Not only did my peer betray me and copy my work, but I was punished for being so gullible. This homework assignment was worth two points out of a class that was worth close to three hundred numerate points. I was awarded a threatening letter sent home... ...rofessors are having a challenging time discovering the offense. The Honor Code Committee modified and modernized the donnish Honor Code in an effort Steiner 8 to elucidate what denotes cheating. The result was a broader, more enc ompassing definition that was clearly more strict and rigid. With the revise conduct code plagiarism cases have escalated out of control. Perhaps the problem may also be due to the increased drains on students time, in which girlish adults are trying to work, achieve in school, engage in extracurricular activities, and volunteer. Competition has become fierce, and the result has been an increase in plagiarism. The problem is educators have entrust more effort into stopping the spread than into understanding the causal factors for the upsurgence. With the increase in plagiarism, educators feel they must have a firm defense against what they see.
Plagiarism: A Pestilence in Education Essay -- Plagiarising Education
Plagiarism The Pestilence in Education When I think of plagiarism, I imagine a person literally stealing from another individual. The term plagiarism is derived from the Latin word plagi rius, which essentially represents the felony of kidnapping. An individual who kidnaps anothers work is a felon. Obviously, this form of larceny is not as immoral as the form for which one can be imprisoned however, most educators and honest students view plagiarism in this manner. Within pedagogics I conceive that there are two kinds of plagiarism copying a paper word-for-word and not providing the correct recognition to the original occasion when utilizing their composition. I believe that each situation of plagiarism should be considered serious enough to investigate in order to determine an appropriate consequence. If an individual is not clear on how to cite works properly within the context of an essay, then the omission should be determined non-intentional and, therefore, not subject to puni shment. However, if someone by design duplicates somebody elses work, then he or she should be reprimanded. This form of pilfering usually occurs in the higher levels of education, as in high school or college. Steiner 2 When I attended Calabasas High School, I was caught cheating in my tenth grade European History class by my instructor, Mr. White. This offense consisted of giving a fellow student, who sat in front of me, my homework. My friend told me he intended to compare his homework to mine. Not only did my peer betray me and copy my work, solely I was punished for being so gullible. This homework assignment was worth two points out of a class that was worth close to three snow total points. I was awarded a threatening letter sent home... ...rofessors are having a challenging time discovering the offense. The Honor Code Committee modified and regenerate the Academic Honor Code in an effort Steiner 8 to elucidate what denotes cheating. The result was a broader, more encompa ssing definition that was clearly more unrelenting and rigid. With the revised conduct code plagiarism cases shed escalated out of control. Perhaps the problem may also be due to the increased drains on students time, in which young adults are trying to work, achieve in school, engage in extracurricular activities, and volunteer. Competition has become fierce, and the result has been an increase in plagiarism. The problem is educators have put more effort into stopping the spread than into understanding the causal factors for the upsurgence. With the increase in plagiarism, educators feel they must have a firm exculpation against what they see.
Monday, May 27, 2019
Fin 486 Final Exam
Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the argument or answers the question. 1) The primary emphasis of the financial manager is the use of A) cash flow. B) cyberspace incentives. C) organization charts. D) accrued earnings.1) _______2) All of the hobby are key strengths of a corporation EXCEPT A) low organization be. B) readily transferable ownership. C) limited liability. D) access to capital markets.2) _______3) The ________ is a measure of lucidity which excludes ________, generally the least liquid asset. A) quick ratio accounts receivable B) current ratio accounts receivable C) current ratio inventory D) quick ratio inventory3) _______4) FASB Standard No. 52 mandates that U.S. based companies must translate their foreign-currency-denominated assets and liabilities into dollars exploitation the A) average rate. B) historical rate. C) current rate. D) none of the above.4) _______Table 3.5 A financial manager a t General talcum powder Mines has gathered the financial data essential to prepare a pro forma balance sheet for cash and profit planning purposes for the coming grade finish December 31, 2004. Using the percent-of-sales method and the following financial data, prepare the pro forma balance sheet in order to answer the following multiple resource questions. (a) The theater estimates sales of $1,000,000. (b) The firm maintains a cash balance of $25,000. (c) Accounts receivable represents 15 percent of sales. (d) Inventory represents 35 percent of sales. (e) A new establish of mining equipment embodying $150,000 will be purchased in 2004. Total depreciation for 2004 will be $75,000. (f) Accounts payable represents 10 percent of sales. (g) There will be no change in notes payable, accruals, and common stock. (h) The firm plans to retire a long term note of $100,000. (i) Dividends of $45,000 will be paid in 2004. (j) The firm predicts a 4 percent net profit margin. Balance Sheet General Talc Mines December 31, 20035) The pro forma good liabilities amount is (See Table 3.5) A) $650,000. B) $700,000. C) $500,000.5) _______ D) $550,000.6) If a United States Savings bond can be purchased for $29.50 and has a maturity value at the end of 25 years of $100, what is the annual rate of flow on the bond? A) 6 percent B) 5 percent C) 7 percent D) 8 percent6) _______7) If a persons required return decreases for an adjoin in risk, that person is said to be A) risk-indifferent. B) risk-seeking. C) risk-averse. D) risk-aware.7) _______Table 8.5 Cuda Marine Engines, Inc. must develop the relevant cash flows for a replacement capital investment proposal. The proposed asset costs $50,000 and has installation costs of $3,000. The asset will be depreciated using a five-year recovery schedule. The existing equipment, which originally cost $25,000 and will be sold for $10,000, has been depreciated using an MACRS five-year recovery schedule and three years of depreciation has already been taken. The new equipment is expected to result in incremental before-tax net profits of $15,000 per year. The firm has a 40 percent tax rate. 8) The initial outlay equals ________. (See Table 8.5) A) $44,100 B) $41,1008) _______ C) $38,800D) $38,960Table 9.6 Nuff Folding Box Company, Inc. is considering purchasing a new gluing machine. The gluing machine costs $50,000 and requires installation costs of $2,500. This outlay would be partially offset by the sale of an existing gluer. The existing gluer originally cost $10,000 and is four years old. It is being depreciated chthonian MACRS using a five-year recovery schedule and can currently be sold for $15,000. The existing gluer has a remaining useful life of five years. If held until year 5, the existing machines market value would be zero. Over its five-year life, the new machine should reduce operating costs (excluding depreciation) by $17,000 per year. Training costs of employees who will lam the new machine will b e a one-time cost of $5,000 which should be included in the initial outlay. The new machine will be depreciated on a lower floor MACRS using a five-year recovery period. The firm has a 12 percent cost of capital and a 40 percent tax on middling income and capital gains.9) The payback period for the project is (See Table 9.6) A) between 4 and 5 years. B) 2 years. C) 3 years. D) between 3 and 4 years.9) _______Table 10.1 A corporation is assessing the risk of two capital budgeting proposals. The financial analysts have developed pessimistic, most likely, and optimistic estimates of the annual cash inflows which are given in the following table. The firms cost of capital is 10 percent.10) If the projects have five-year lives, the range of the net present value for Project B is approximately ________. (See Table 10.1.) A) $201,000. B) $255,410. C) $303,280. D) $80,560.10) ______11) The ________ is the firms desired optimal premix of debt and equity financing. A) target capital struct ure B) book value C) cost of capital D) market value11) ______Table 14.5 Carens Canoes is considering relaxing its credit standards to encourage more than sales. As a result, sales are expected to increase 15 percent from 300 canoes per year to 345 canoes per year. The average collection period is expected to increase to 40 days from 30 days and bad debts are expected to double the current 1 percent level. The price per canoe is $850, the variable cost per canoe is $650 and the average cost per unit at the 300 unit level is $700. The firms required return on investment is 20 percent. 12) What is the cost of bare(a) bad debts under the proposed plan? (See Table 14.5) A) $765 B) $5,100 C) $383 D) $3,31512) ______13) Much of the commercial paper is issued by A) venture capitalists. C) small businesses.13) ______ B) commercial finance companies. D) small manufacturing firms.14) The part of finance concerned with design and delivery of advice and financial products to individuals, busi ness, and government is called A) Financial Manager. B) Financial Services. C) Managerial Finance. D) none of the above. Table 2.114) ______Information (2005 values) 1. Sales totaled $110,000 2. The gross profit margin was 25 percent. 3. Inventory turnover was 3.0. 4. There are 360 days in the year. 5. The average collection period was 65 days. 6. The current ratio was 2.40. 7. The total asset turnover was 1.13. 8. The debt ratio was 53.8 percent. 15) Inventory for CEE in 2005 was ________. (See Table 2.1) A) $32,448 B) $ 9,167 C) $36,667
Sunday, May 26, 2019
Similarities Between Fredrick Douglas And Abraham Lincoln History Essay
In my research paper the two parties Douglas and capital of Nebraska has underg bingle a clutch in footings of governmental differences fore almost Douglas announced that his effect was to contend against bondage some(prenominal) in unite provinces and England while capital of Nebraska on the other aspect could non desire to do work away with bondage since he believes that it provide rupture away the brotherhood in the government.douglas docket was to set up political formation which pass on get rid of bondage in the brotherhood and bondage that should be within the fundamental law and he believe that affecting the topical anesthetic communities in political activities will be morbific and it might travel domestic force passing play while on the other side capital of Nebraska admitted that the lone behavior to populate is to keep work forces in bondage since bondage was their in the provinces. While crusade coachs believe he will metamorphose so ofttimes democracy part y into abolitionist party capital of Nebraska viewed that war was the worst scenario he will conceive of while Douglas princely precious whatcapital of Nebraska did non desire. Douglas was owned as the black leader and symbol of his age and he his ago mind which most of the Americans did non deal. Douglas was respected as the male call down laminitis in distinguished 10, 1863 traffichip amongst Douglas and capital of Nebraska starts to trap down after Douglas won the game. Now at this point capital of Nebraska starts to neuter and positions towards black has wholly and a black was invited to the white house and was respected so much. At this point Douglas respected capital of Nebraska which was straight off a neck bend around from the populace which was announced through with(predicate) newspaper. family consanguinity between Fredrick Douglas and Abraham capital of Nebraska.The impact between Fredrick and Douglas was based on bondage in USA which has caused some(prenomin al) a self-taught fleeting slave.douglas has announced his work as a bondage in America but he proudly announced that both united provinces and England printing antislavery newspaper that nil will of all time freezing him from contending against bondage. During elections of Abraham Lincoln for presidential term sparked a concatenation of several events which in one manner or another will do cultured war. Lincoln was pushed towards a unequivocal immediate of policy Douglas for ab reveal four old ages. Relationship between Douglas and Lincoln was really announced by correspondence by usage of newspaper or public meetings and letters and subsequently they merely met during proclamation.Relationship between Douglas and Fredrick went down due to difference in policies and they had tenuous relationship. However their relationship starts to turn and they became profound when the worlds of war ended in America bondage which butt the two towards paying attention for the other. Douglas his docket was to set up political system which will get rid of bondage. Douglas focused much to stop bondage which he thought and said it is merely to utilize political leaders in the authorities and get rid ofing the bondage should be within the fundamental law. It was turn out that if the local community and regional activities political relations will be morbific which was traveling really foremost in footings of political relations. Douglas subsequently realizes that if he gives a opportunity to the 3rd party he will hold a even no opportunity during the run because there political relations are based on antislavery. The formation of party in 1854 was proved now that it was the secure to emancipationists. In the republic party there were some elements like autonomy party, free dirt party and other antislavery forces which were from democratic and Whig parties. With the combination of several parties the political entreaty to Douglas that whitethorn be it was the best party to i nject in white house. Although it was the first to make up ones mind may be republic will give him a opportunity to come in. Douglas was in laid-back f beneficial that no president cognize how to stop bondage which he thought that it was merely by continuing peace and brotherhood in the nation.Mr. Lincoln admitted that the lone manner to populate is to keep work forces in bondage since it is bing in the provinces this was the beginning of rough unfavorable archetype and Douglas activist s attitudes of Lincoln with the disposal. Douglas believes so much that he will turn the republic party into abolitionist party and Lincoln will be abolitionist president. Lincoln was elected to the office but Douglas remains while watching Lincoln in emancipate. Lincoln believe so much in bondage that will convey difference in parties which led to enduring from fatally equivocal attitude towards negro.Lincoln believe so much that if bondage will stop it will convey down sectional struggles and pre vent warfare so harmonizing to Lincoln positions is that theirs no inquiry of bondage and it will go forth the public head rested with the degree of ultimate extinction. He insisted that there is no point of universe where Black is non entitled to any enumerated in declaration of independency. Abraham took the office in 1861 and he knew the office need a batch of fix. Day by twenty-four hours there was a batch of debating refering the slave dealers issues in the whole farming and at this minute Lincoln and Douglas had two different dockets. Lincoln needed president mission war to salvage brotherhood while Douglas need to give up slaves and either manner to safe the citizens. Lincoln viewed that war was the worst scenario while Douglas exactly valued what Lincoln did non desire regardless to what either two wanted the war did non come both Douglas and Fredric now both openly fought for their causes.Subsequently that twelvemonth, when the depositary of war barratry Cameroon build uping slaves within the boundary lines. Lincoln made him to halt the subdivision. Again Lincoln tried to avoid doing determinations refering bondage in may 1862, general David huntsman issued order to liberate all slaves in south military machine part. Which included south Carolina, Georgia and florida.In 1862 Lincoln announced announcement revoking general huntsman order and he declare that the authorities of stats does non hold cognition, information, belief, and the proceed which make Lincoln to experience so hard-pressed and from political signed a measure get rid ofing bondage in territory of Colombia, and in may he roll up with general Benjamin s policy of contrabands of war which freed by grand 1000s of slaves run off to butler positon.Lincoln was a good leader who valued legality and he was a politician who moved merely when clip is right for him to make so..In 1862 it was important policies of Lincoln disposal Lincoln started to acknowledge issues of emancipation and savi ng of brotherhood. Went manus in manus. Now agendas merge that s military and political agendas.lincoln starts moving towards abolishment. Douglas grew much hawkish with Lincoln disposal and unp petty(a)ed to force them in way of emancipation. But Lincoln notwithstanding stick to continuing brotherhood which was the major job Douglas pressed on to unfavorable judgment of Lincoln disposal s inability to take powerful step against slavery..Douglas article announce boulder clay Lincoln announced of emancipation announcement.In family 1862, the article state us more of what expected from Lincoln was so impatient of public Douglas was still waiting for Lincoln to stop war of seting the slaves in danger. In September 1862 publication of Douglas monthly article the presidents addresss straight attack in Lincoln character increasing go throughing doing himself look silly and pathetic, unacceptable and his unlogical statement and unfair it farther claim yet to rally valor and candidly pl enty to obey and put to death his testimoniesIn the class of war Douglas see some old conservative policies which he try to get down to convey up the brotherhood back together.In 1863 Douglas attempt to address many sides of pandemonium in the state but unsuccefully Lincoln leave Douglas frustrated and now Lincoln would observe thought that he has play cards on Douglas. Thinks were non working good to convey state together so he had do his ain bold manner and move.During the summer of 1862, Lincoln had berate with the cabinet in private about fundamental law was believing it was the best idea to prorogue the proclamation of the Proclamation until the state was supported by military success.In august 10 1863 relationship between Douglas and Lincoln starts to trap down. Douglas went to Washington to run into Lincoln for the first clip. Lincoln behaviour towards Douglas revealed much about how he matte about him and positions towards black has changed wholly. Black crowing male wa s of all time personally invited into white house with regard. As for the development of Lincoln towards bondage issues on the juncture Douglas felt Lincoln showed a deeper moral strong beliefs towards bondage that had of all time seen before Douglas appreciated Lincoln for handling has be has others at this minute Douglas respected Lincoln which was complete bend around from his blazing indignation expressed promotion through his newspapers. Douglas and Lincoln will run into on different ocasssions to discourse on issues of ex-slave and future in United States because to turn more profound. After emancipation of announcement, Lincoln still considers colonisation as variable option to cover with black presence. But Douglas, black hitch in military was the strongest sentiment and Confederacy and to be a portion of dignifying and soul enlarger war for black release.Douglas and Lincoln after proclamation of emancipation announcement which make Douglas to turn respect esteem of Lincoln deep regard for Lincoln is unfeigned stakes expressed in the old ages after his blackwash the 21st anniversy of Lincoln s decease Douglas true feeling comes out our religion in him is frequently taxed and strained uttermost he subsequently declare that honouring his memory is of import because under his regulation at that place was Confederate provinces which is based upon the thoughts that the race must be slaves. Douglas understanding Lincoln awkwardness to cover with slavery issue was necessary cautiousness he put abolitionion of bondage before him a powerful category of America people and ended resistance.douglas and Lincoln had non yet met until summer of 1863 but their relationship was so good and order to understand how Douglas felt about the political clime and Lincoln emancipation was clear that war which brought the two parties together into political political orientations and now which finally paved the manner for the two to be appreciated and appreciated each other in deep sense and good bosom. The optical fusion of the two political political orientations is non merely to bespeak that work forces change greatly in footings of political but besides to demo the moral and bravery s people and political political orientations merged because the two now have grown to esteem each other deeply Lincoln and Douglas were now in a place to get the better of all troubles they have been undergoing and misconception about the two spouses when Lincoln dies he left Douglas his most favourites walking faculty as suspiration of profound appreciated and gratitude Douglas commented on Lincoln by altering a portrayal of him in his place Washington dc the relationship between the two has a milepost in American history that would positively act upon hereafter of race solutions. In the mode of Garry wills Lincoln at Gettysburg ( 1992 ) James a. colaico survey of Fredrick Douglas celebrated 1852 independency twenty-four hours address is far more than scrutiny of indi vidual -hour speech.Calaico seeks for investigation and political societal thought of the most celebrated African emancipationist and political leader of the nineteenth century Douglas was the black leader and symbol of his age, but he was mind and many Americans ignored. Douglas lived more than any other given expressed quandary confronting African Americans they praise independency, fundamental law which calls for quality to all work forces. Douglas statement was hypocrisy to Americans who extolled the deduction of July 4th while disregarding the bondage of black Americans.Douglas employed a normal independent to show lip service. In most of his addresss Douglas was a provider of piercing review of bondage itself. Douglas was a Jeremiah who employ jeremiad as lineation by sacvan bercovitch, invariably naming Americans to abandon their iniquitous manner to carry through Nobel ideals to declare he was the male parent laminitis. The statement that Douglas announced was to the Americ ans that they need merely to adhere to the ideals of America to accomplish the illustriousness inherent in the establishments. For the reader inexperienced in the history of abolishment motion, the regulation of William loud fort and conflicts between the moral suasion, and political emancipationists, co-lalacos monograph provides an first-class debut in a concise well-articulated manner the enhances the book without overpowering the cardinal narrative of Douglas s thought about America colaiaco besides covers the key influenced Douglas s thought and finally brought on the civil war in 1829, oration outlined adult males of the same statements Douglas used 20 three old ages subsequently. Douglas s permanent accomplishments was to use those statements to build both a more profound compelling review of position and more realistic vision of station slaves AmericaBoth Douglas and Lincoln were born(p) hapless. Douglas was brought up in his grandma slave hovels in Talbot County, doc and Lincoln was in one-room, cabin in Harding county, Kentucky.Both mazed their female parents when they were really immature though labor coach lost his female parent when he was merely seven old ages old Douglas was separated from her female parent when he was infant. Lincoln lost his female parent due to imbibe toxicant in the toxic milk at the age of nine. Both were born in 1809 while Douglas was born in 1818.In footings of standing they have 6 inches taller than most gross work forces in these yearss. Douglas was a slave under American jurisprudence but Lincoln was considered as a slave in the beginning of civil war addresss Douglas urged Lincoln in his public addresss and newspaper to let inkinesss their rights and to contend for freedom. Both work forces married adult females above their societal position and this likely helped them with their success. Douglas married his married woman Anna Murray on September 15, 1838 she was a free black adult female of some agencies five twe lvemonth old son.lincoln married marry Todd on November 1842 she was a girls of affluent slare holder from Lexington, both work forces were gifted speechmakers in a twenty-four hours when talkers were regarded on much the manner that many regard athleticss or films stars today. Addresss were a signifier of amusement every bit good as instruction, Lincoln usage his gift for oratory to win elections and derive public supports of policies, both would keep several public offices through their lives. After run intoing senator Samuel promessors of Kansa, secretary of war Edwin Stanton, Douglass arrived at the soldier place when Lincoln was passing the summer. He gave his naming card to sternward and fix for long wait.lincoln greeted Douglas by stating Mr, dougas I know you I have read about you Douglas impressed by the president s fairness said I was neer in any manner reminded of low beginning or my unpopular colour. Douglas had many meeting with the president in his offices Douglas and Lincoln forged a friendly relationship that would last the remainder of Lincoln s brief life upon s Lincoln decease Douglas was implored to talk at a assemblage of grievers at the Rochester courthouse of his speech.In 1863 that was the clip inkinesss eventually won the right to military services. Fredrick Douglas and Abraham Lincoln met for the first clip in Washington District of Columbia trusting to run into president to seek for damages for the fundamental law. Lincoln s male parent hired him out for manual labour to gain money for the household while Douglas was hired out for his maestro s net income and ointments. They both had small instruction where Douglas began larning to read when he was sent to function huh auild in Baltimore. Auld married woman began to learn Douglas the alphabet.lincoln merely attend 18 months of formal schooling from itinerate instruction at frontier school. Both portion same basic reading accomplishments and they largely read Bibles. terminationIn de cision stuff both Douglas and Lincoln has nevertheless thought many how life his hard when the rich merely want go high twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. Both work forces are truly of self-respect in the other manner Lincoln did non ab initio set out to stop bondage but he merely meant to continue the brotherhood which he thought brotherhood without liberating the slaves would non make.And subsequently I came to recognize that In August 10 1863 relationship between Douglas and Lincoln starts to trap down. Douglas went to Washington to run into Lincoln for the first clip. Lincoln behaviour towards Douglas revealed much about how he felt about him and positions towards black has changed wholly. Black adult male was of all time personally invited into white house with regard. As for the growing of Lincoln towards bondage issues on the juncture Douglas felt Lincoln showed a deeper moral strong belief towards bondage that had of all time seen before Douglas appreciated Lincoln for handling has equal has others. Although both did non see each other oculus to oculus but both did non happen common land on some issues through common regard and civic argument. Most of import lessons that can Americans larn from these two great work forces was that they merely disagree without being disagreeable simple regard goes along manner and you neer now. I understand that both work forces Douglas and Lincoln were born hapless. Douglas was brought up in his grandma slave hovels in Talbot County, Maryland and Lincoln was in one-room, cabin in Harding County, Kentucky. Both lost their female parents when they were really immature though labor coach lost his female parent when he was merely seven old ages old Douglas was separated from her female parent when he was baby.Blight W. David, Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln a relationship in lingual communication, political relations, and memory, lectures, Marquette University Press, 2001Blight W. David, Beyond the battlegroun d race, memory & A the American Civil War, University of Massachusetts Press, 2002Carson Clayborne, Emma Jones Lapsansky-Werner, Gary B. Nash, African American lives the battle for freedom, African American Lifes The shinny for Freedom, Clayborne Carson, Pearson Longman, 2004Marten A. James, More than a competition between ground forcess essays on the Civil War epoch, Frank L. Klement Lecture Series, James Alan Marten, A. Kristen Foster, Kent State University Press, 2008Benson W Thomas. grandiloquence and political civilization in nineteenth-century AmericaIssue 6 of Rhetoric and public personal businesss series, Thomas W. Benson, Michigan State University Press, 1997.Shenk W.Joshua, Lincoln s melancholy How Depression Challenged a President and Fueled His Greatness, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2006Guyatt N, Providence and the innovation of the United States, Cambridge University Press, 2007Finkelman P, Encyclopedia of African American history, 1619-1895 from the colonial period to the age of Frederick Douglass, Volume 2, capital of Minnesota F, Oxford University Press, 2006Civil War Society, Civil War the magazine of the Civil War Society, Issues 66-74, Country Publishers, 1998 Douglass F, Douglass monthly, Volumes 4-5, Negro Universities Press, 1862Thompson E.Julius, The Frederick Douglass encyclopaedia, James L. Conyers, Nancy J. Dawson, ABC-CLIO, 2010
Saturday, May 25, 2019
Ethical Analysis
The Consequential Theory contends that the moral rightness of an action bed be inflexible by looking at it consequences. If the consequences are good, the act is right. If the consequences are uncool, the act is wrong. In the case of Kent, he believes that the nudity in the Lucky video back up is a bad idea. He feels that some people provide be really upset about it. However, the Lucky lying-in can also scram in a great deal of revenue for Broadway, and jobs are at stake. In this case, the consequences of putting the Lucky video plunk fors on the market would result In higher revenue or net happiness.On the other hand, the fact that they Lucky video game has full nudity as well as intense violence go forth upset a lot of people and they might not support the died game. Brad feels that the games are not ready for the U. S. Market therefore, he has contacted an Internet provider who will take their game and put it on the Net as an adult product. He has also checked out imma terial markets and found that they can sell the machines to the Mexican market if they tone down the violence.The Taiwanese has agreed to the version the Broadway now has and wants them to develop something more graphic in both areas. By reaching out to the foreign market, this act will also produce net happiness on the other hand it can lead teenagers to violence and internet pornography. In my opinion the fact that Kent realized that producing the Lucky video game with full nudity and graphic violence will upset some people and that they should not go through with the product demonstrates ethical behavior on the part of Broadway Corporation.However, the Joint venture with the Taiwanese group, exchange of the machines to the Mexican market and using the Internet is unethical behavior on the part of Broadway Corporation. The Deontological Theory claims that actions can be judged ethically good or bad on the basis of absolute moral principles arrived by human reason regardless of th e uniqueness of an action, that is, regardless of whether there is net happiness. Brad is willing to interchange the video game to the foreign market as well as a Joint venture with the Taiwanese group.Kent feels that the Lucky video game is a bad idea and feels they should not go with the nudity idea. In my opinion, Brad Is willing to market the Lucky video games to the foreign markets and on the Internet with the nudity and graphic violence is unethical on the part of the Broadway Corporation. By doing this, It may contribute to teenage violence and prone. Kent Is thinking of the people that the Lucky video game might set which is ethical on the part of Broadway Corporation.I nee Dental AT ten Lucky peeve Is ten pronto Tanat Broadway corporation will make. The test market results suggested that the nudity and graphic violence increased profitability dramatically. The cost of the Lucky video game will be the video design, development, implementation, and operation. otherwise cost s include site and facility and the shipping of the video games globally. Under the Consequential Theory, the benefit is increased profitability which is net happiness therefore, the Lucky project is good because of the profitability.Under the Deontological Theory, by selling to the foreign markets and internet, Broadway Corporation saying that it is okay for the foreign markets to sell video games with graphic violence and nudity to the U. S. Markets. The Broadway Corporation should take on taking out the nudity and graphic violence in the Lucky video game. After all their target market is children aged 5 to 12 and teenagers between the ages of 13 to 19 and of this market 75% are male. The Broadway Corporation can end up Jeopardizing their stance in the video market by producing and selling the Lucky video game.
Friday, May 24, 2019
A Nuclear Family Vacation
Putins Russia is, and may never be ready to open its doors completely to the break of the world, just yet. When the hand of welcome is that of the United States, Russia is wary. While both countries have pledged cooperation to promote mutual interests, the two have remained passive and obviously lacked sincerity.Take the circumstance of the US-funded Sarov Technopark, where the Russian nuclear scientists and their western partners will do their research and conduct their tests. The joint project was to ensure that the scientists would not work for the terrorists. Five years later groundbreaking in 2000, US representatives have not gained access to the facility, which was supposed to be an open zone. The Russians gave the Americans a runaround, before finally turning down the supplicate for a visit.The Russians are highly security-conscious and infinitely protective of their talents, skills, and expertise. They cordoned off sensitive sites or closed sites and never allowed anyone through. Analysts understood the attitude.Russia would not want their experts on weapons of survey destruction to gain outside contact. While this may not have been acceptable to the US-Russian partnership, the Russians appeared to have a point as far sparing null for reason of security. The Russians would rather err on the side of caution.The US foreign policy had not been encouraging either. They showed no visible signs that the US pursued these initiatives with the akin enthusiasm as before. The US led allied forces in the Gulf, Afghanistan, and in Iraq. It will stop at nothing to oppose the use of weapons of mass destruction.What seemed to be a strong alliance between the US and Russia against the proliferation of nuclear technology had not progressed beyond take off. Where has it gone wrong? We will never know, as Russia would not provide the answer and the US would not even ask the question.
Thursday, May 23, 2019
Meaning of Life and Fast Lane Essay
Good coop, bad coop situation. give up well enough al maven let well enough al wizard convey If you leave well enough alone, or let well enough alone, you dont try to improve or change something thats already mature enough. For example The kids seem happy enough now so lets just leave well enough alone and forget most fin whirlg a new school for them.? skate on thin ice- Meaning If youre skating on thin ice, youre doing something risky, or youre in a situation that could quickly become dangerous.Jockey for position- Meaning If you jockey for position, you try to get yourself in a impregnable position in relation to others whore competing for the selfsame(prenominal) opportunity or the same goal. let the cat turn give away of the bag Meaning If you let the cat out of the bag, you let someone know a secret. You could have knocked me everywhere with a feather. Meaning You can regulate you could have knocked me over with a feather to show how surprise you were when something happened, or when you heard about something. add fuel to the fire If you add fuel to the fire, you do something to make a bad situation even worse. ahead of the gameYou are ahead of the game if you have an advantage over your competitors in any activity in which you try to do better than others, such as in business, academia, sports, etc. all the rage Informal If something is all the rage, its very(prenominal) popular or its in fashion at the moment. asking for trouble If someone is asking for trouble, theyre doing something risky that could collar to a problem. itchy feet Informal If you have itchy feet, you feel the need to go somewhere different or do something different. in the long run If you talk about something in the long run, you mean over a long period of time.At cross-purposes If youre at cross-purposes with someone, you think youre both talking about the same thing yet youre really talking about different things. at loose ends If youre at loose ends, you feel rest less and unsettled because you dont have anything to do. a blessing in disguise You can say something is a blessing in disguise if it appears to be bad at first, but it results in something very good in the end. tush to square one If you have to go back to square one, you have to stop and start again, usually because something isnt workings as well as expected. bite your tongue hold your tongueIf you bite your tongue, or hold your tongue, you force yourself not to say something you really motive to to say. the icing on the cake the frosting on the cake If something is the icing on the cake, or the frosting on the cake, it makes a good situation or a good result even better. joie de vivre If you have joie de vivre, you feel the joy of living. make hay while the sunshine shines If you make hay while the sun shines, you make good use of the chance to do something while it lasts. Fast friends good, loyal friends. The two of them had been fast friends since college. See excessively friend fast one a clever and devious trick.(Compare this with pull a fast one. ) That was a fast one. I didnt know you were so devious. This was the last fast one like that youll ever catch me with. life in the fast lane a very active or possible risky way to live. (See also in the fast lane. ) Life in the fast lane is too much for me. See also lane, life make short work of something to partake with or finish something quickly We made short work of the food that was put in front of us. fast and furious if an activity is fast and furious, it is through quickly and with a lot of energy The first half of the game was fast and furious with both teams scoring three goals each.Ngn av dessa till din story a queer fish Meaning If someones a queer fish, they are a bit strange and can sometimes behave in an unusual way. For exampleYour great grandfather was a queer fish, Johnny. He used to write funny poems and then hed read them aloud to everyone on the train on his way to work let the ca t out of the bag Meaning If you let the cat out of the bag, you let someone know a secret. For example Wed planned a surprise party for Donna, but some guy she works with let the cat out of the bag, so now she knows.? Dont forget that this is a secret, so whatever you do, dont let the cat out of the bag.?There? s an elephant in the room Meaning If you make a killing, you make a lot of money from a sale or a deal of some sort. For example My aunt made a killing when she bought some shares in a company as soon as they were issued, and exchange them a few weeks later for three times what she paid.? Lots of people made a killing when property values went so high back in the nineties. Bark is worse than his bite, put your money where your mouth is prove it.. alot of not air? all hell broke loose Meaning You can say all hell broke loose if a situation suddenly became violent or chaotic. giving news travels fast Bad news heart and soul news about bad things like accidents, death, illn ess etc. People tend to tell this type of news quickly. But good news (passing an exam, winning some money, getting a job etc) travels more slowly. Least said soonest mended Possible interpretation When we do or say something bad to someone, a long apology and discussion does not help. In such a case, the less we say the better. Its written all over your face. If you say its written all over your face, youre saying that the expression on someones face is showing their align feelings or thoughts.Group 20 ENOUGH IS ENOUGH Words Relating to More Than Enough (did you get it? ) ample copious lavish myriad plethora luxurious prolific superfluous render Memory tips use these mnemonics (memory devices) to boost your vocabulary. Make up your own memory clues for words in this lesson that are personally challenging. correspond these tips-and your own-to your Vocabulary Notebook. Copious let yourself see the word copies within copious, and think lots of copies. Certainly lots of copies le ads to the defining ideas of abundant and plentiful. Plethora Let the ple lead you to plenty.When you write plethora in your Vocabulary Notebook, underscore the ple with a colored pen or marker. Superfluous The prefix super means over and above. This acquaintance is helpful because superfluous means above what is needed extra. Surfeit Like super-, sur- is also a prefix meaning over and above. So a surfeit is an amount over and above what is needed. Using apperception, (http//www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/apperception) link a word you most likely already know, surplus, to the new word, surfeit. These two-syllable synonyms even have the same number of lettersSolidify the meaning of surfeit in your memory. Ample think of the word sample but get rid of the S. and since Ample means more than enough you can think of many samples Lavish think of marangsvisch with lakris sas And put the letters LA from the word Lakris instead of S. Profuse(overflodande) think about defy and proact ive, because proactive is overflowing with vitamins. Change the re to pro Prolific, the word productive has the same meaning, so take the PRO from productive and add it with lyric which at least makes me think of lific. So think productive lyric.Myraid (skiftande mangd) think My ride Group 19 (2nd cluster for Fall Term) Wonderful You Are Words Relating to evaluate and Respect (did you get it? ) Acclaim accolade adulate esteem eulogize exalt extol laud panegyrize revere venerate Laud If you know applaud, then simply connect the new word laud to the word you already know, applaud. The meanings of these two verbs are closely connected. Plaudits means praise. Revere You remember capital of Minnesota Revere from American History, right? Now, I am sure youll agree that its only right to respect, or revere one of our nations Founding FathersAnother tip you can repeat this chant to yourself over and over Revere the Reverend. Revere the Reverend. Revere the Reverend Acclaim think of ass, bu t with cc, and slajm (slaim) Accolade think of assa, but with cc and chocolade Adulate ad-ul-ate Esteem think of S team, but with double e Eulogize think ekoloogisk / EU logisk prompt think Exaltera, without era, since exalterad means vara upprymd like exalt. Extol, ex stol Panegyrize think, pannkakor & risgrynsgrot Venerate Think ata vanner, but switch place, let vanner lead you 2 Vener, and ata-ate.
Wednesday, May 22, 2019
Macbeth Act 3 Scene 5 Essay
This scene takes place in a deserted area where there is thunder which also par bothels with symbolise 1 scene 1 where the witches meet each other with thunder and lightning. The scene establishes the mood of darkness and violence and also creates suspense and eerie melodic phrase due to the presence of witches. It begins with Hecates monolog where she disapproved the witches for meddling with Macbeths future this passage foreshadows the appearance of the witches to Macbeth along with his downfall.Her anger is shown at the opening of the scene with the use of cardinal rhetorical questions. In the first rhetoric question, Hecate criticizes the witches in a deeming way. In the second rhetoric question the alliteration trade and traffic emphasizes her upset tincture and in the third rhetoric question she asserts her superiority over the witches mistress of your charms, the close contriver of all harms. Through the metaphor, wayward son Hecate gives clues that Macbeth attempted to g o the witches prophecy by trying to destroy Banquos line. It also shows his self-centered ambition, and he is called a wayward son because he is not a trustworthy devotee of witchcraft and only aims to the profit by it.The lines by Hecate give a clear hint that Macbeths reliance on the witches is misplaced and that he is doomed. After rebuking the witches for the past errors Hecate commands them to make amends of their folly action. Hecate gives out a feeling of betrayal through the use of her language. She uses rhetorical questions, rhyming couplet, and enjambment which disguises her stress message. Hecate also asks the witches to help her manipulate Macbeths emotions and plans to create legerdemains which will lure Macbeth into a false sense of security.Hecates speech is ironical when she says that the witches tempted Macbeth by reflexion riddles when they actually prophesied to Macbeth. Euphemism is used in the terms glory of art and great business to refer to the witches pla n of destroying Macbeth. The great business also refers to the major illusion that they are going to destroy Macbeth. Imagery is used in the scene were a vivid description of the scheme of the witches plan is described there hangs a vaprous drop profound Ill catch it ere it come to groundHecate intends to lead Macbeth to his doom and distraction by magic spells which will conjure up efficacious apparitions that will be able to lead Macbeth to his ultimate doom. As a result Macbeth will defy fate and death and will ignore all warnings of wisdom and fear of consequences security is mortals chiefest enemy, Hecate says that overconfidence is the greatest enemy of man as by depriving of his own wisdom and making him complacent, it sends him to the path of vilify and destruction. These captivating lines encapsulates the fascinating rituals of which craft.
Tuesday, May 21, 2019
Cost of Resource Essay
The totallyocation and cost of resources need to be carefully monitored if a project is to be delivered on-time and on-budget.At a minimum this section will contain the followingAllocation of resources to project tasks (both labor and material)Cost estimates for project resourcesGantt diagram showing duration estimates for all tasks and their sequencing (including precedence relations) and highlighting some(prenominal) critical path(s) arising from task dependencies ultimately determining the minimal duration of a projectIn addition summarize any relevant facts about the project duration, number or type of resources, critical task sequencing, or how duration estimates were arrived at, and any financial implications (for example, budget or cost reports of the project as well)Develop a baseline for your project plan so that all future variances are captured.Write 3 to 4 pages on your findings.When it comes to succeeding in college, there are many influential factors. In fact, even y our choice of seat can make a difference. Try to ready a seat near the front of the lecture hall rather than one right next to the exit. You are more likely to stay busy and can ask your professor questions easily.
Monday, May 20, 2019
Character Analysis: The Nun Of Monza
Lacunas arrival to the convent, Gertrude appears and her disembodied spirit story takes up the following two chapters of the novel. Gertrude grew up at a time when a woman had two choices in deportment the first was to find a pardner and have fryren while the other option was to become a nun. As a child, Gertrude had no desire to become a nun, but rather dreamt of the day when she could in the long run fall in love. Gertrude father indirectly forced his daughter into becoming a nun by giving her dolls dressed as nuns, last her to Sunday school, and having her read the bible.The brain washed child grew up to having no choice but to move to a convent and take on the life long commitment of becoming a nun. The ceremony in which Gertrude accepts her future being a life devoted to God, she ponders her decision for a moment with conflicting thoughts thrill through her mind. She debates with herself on whether this is the life she wants or if this is the life society wants. When th e church asks her if Gertrude has chosen to devote her life to God because of her own desire she causes while looking at her father.After another inner battle with her emotions, Gertrude finally vows to become a nun. Later on in Gertrude life, she goes to live in a convent located in an Italian town called Amazon, thus taking on the name The Nun of Amazon. hither she spends her days praying during the day, but living a completely different life during the night. As time goes on she falls in love and develops a forbidden relationship with a man named Goodie whom she has a child with. In her daily fife at the Covent, Gertrude always shows signs of rebellion after having found love.One example of her rebellious post is portrayed by a loose strand of hair falling from her veil. The strand of hair is a symbol of Gestures hate and disgust towards the church for having made her once free life a life filled with unhappiness and restrictions. The smiling child she once was becomes an angry and troubled soul after old age of feeling like a prisoner of the church.
Sunday, May 19, 2019
Tent and Board Games
My populate trip My camping trip was a very gravely experience. A friends associate was planning to go to camping for a weekend, and they invited me. We were excited because we thought would be fun. First, we made a list of everything we would need, packed our suitcases and started our way. The weather was bad, but my friends brother firm to go no matter what. First, the road was in a poor condition. It was so bad that I threw up twice Second, the location where we were going to stay for 2 iniquitys was terrible.I lready felt bad comely due to the road, and when I saw the tush, I realized that I wanted to go back home. Nevertheless, we decided to stay in front of a big tree and made a bonfire surrounded by the camping encamps. My camping tent was on the left and the other one was next to us. After a while, everyone went to sleep. Third, I was attacked by a snake at midnight. I felt something crawling on me I Jumped up and started to scream. Everyone woke up and went to my ca mping tent to see what was happening. There was a snake inside my tent and creeping on me I was so scared and no one knew what to do.My friends brother killed the snake with a sharp stick. After that, I could not sleep anymore. The next day, we played board games, listened to music and walked crossways the forest. While we were walking, I saw an iguana at the top of a tree. Soon we came back to our place because it started to get dark. We talked for a few hours and went to sleep. Finally, to make things worse, it rained so badly that the camping tents came down. We spent the rest of the night under the tree. When the sun rose, we left the place to go back home. In conclusion, my camping trip was a disaster.
Saturday, May 18, 2019
Why Did the Us Enter World War I
Why did the United States tape World War I in 1917? On June 28th 1914, Franz Ferdinand, the Austrian archduke, and his wife were murdered by a Bosnian revolutionary named Gavrilo Princip. This assassination triggered declarations of war. Firstly, this gave Austria a reason to attack Serbia. This then led to Russia mobilizing their soldiery in order to defend Serbia, which then led to Germany executing The Plan and attacking France through Belgium. The eye mask effect continued and war broke pop due to a mixture of things.Alliances played a great role in the war, as each nations began forming and expanding their militaries. The war was Central Powers vs. Allied Powers. The central powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, fag Empire, Bulgaria and Romania (which changed sides half way through the war). The Allied Powers consisted of France, USSR, The British Empire, Serbia and the USA. The United States initially wanted to stay out of the war mainly because they declared that they wou ld be a neutral nation that only acts as a peace capturer.President Wilson declared numerous time that The United States was too proud to fight and would non be entering the war. He as well mentioned that the U. S. would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare. Before the Statess entree, The U. S-German relations were neutral. They were not much voluminous with each other apart from political and labor relations. the Statess opinion changed throughout the war after the sinking of the Lusitania, the Zimmerman Telegram and because of the European alliances that America was involved with.Americas entry in World War 1 in 1917 was based on a number of key factors Economics, Retaliation and Pre-emption. Economics .. At the time, the US had large economic investments with the British and French. If Germany was to coax the war it was not clear what would happen to those investments. Protecting France and Britain was therefore in a way protect their investment. If the U. S. joined the war, their strong military forces, especially allied with France, Britain and USSR, would substantially increase the chance of winning.Retaliation One of Germanys great t=strengths was its submarine fleet. By controlling the seas the Germans would be able to destroy the consignment of arms to the allies. Their prime reason for sinking the Lusitania was the German belief that their were weapons on board. Unfortunately the Germans killed 128 American nationals when they torpedoed the Lusitania. This was a key contributing fact to the US joining the wasr on the side of the Allies two old age later. Prevention One of the main reasons for the US entry in to the war however was the Zimmerman Telegram.This was a device from Germany to Mexico asking them to go to war against the U. S. Germany did this in the hope that by keeping the US engaged cozy to home with a local war, it would be prevented from entering the war in European. . However, when the U. S. found out rough this cod ed communication which was intercepted by the British,, they saw this as an act of aggression by Germany and in order to pre-emp be drawn in to the war on someone elses terms decided to pre-empt the situation and espouse matters in to their own hands.Interestingly no one has seen the telegram itself and accordingly some believed that Britain made it up in order to get America involved in the war. The major objective for U. S. s entry in the war was its wish to have greater influence in post-war Europe, especially with their newly acquired economic strength. up to now though when America joined World War 1 it was already coming to an end, their entry did make an impact on the war. In the short term, their entry was a downside as it almost caused German conquest.Germany was advantageously aware that the American troops would overwhelm the Germans when they would arrive, so Germany launched a massive offensive to gain victory before America could transport enough troops into Europ e, however the offensive ended up gritty and turning back just outside of Paris. In the long term, Americas entry was an round top because, as the war was already coming to an end, both sides were exhausted. America was fresh and ready to fight a war, which helped motivate the Allies. The U. S. brought new equipment and military force which was a gain for the Allies and helped win the war.The U. S. entered the war at the right time because they did manage to bring fresh troops and new equipment into Europe. Before the Lusitania, America did not have any reason to enter the war. It would also have been going against their will to be neutral. Their entry did impact positively, however may not have been necessary and did go against their initial plan. It also caused America to make some enemies in Europe, which ended up causing them to be sucked into more European issues. Positively, it also bonded the U. S. with many European nations, which were very strong politically and economica lly.
Friday, May 17, 2019
The Turning Point of the American Civil War: Battle of Gettysburg or Siege of Vicksburg?
The Turning Point of the American Civil put forward of war contest of Gettysburg or besieging of Vicksburg? The American Civil War, also cognise as the War Between the States, was a brutal onslaught between the due north (the North) and the southward (the South) originating in the fractious issue of slavery. The ruthlessness of this war, close toly fought in the South, lasted from 1861 through 1865, w here(predicate) the confederation was ultimately defeated, slavery was abolished, and the passing difficult process of the reconstruction of the United States and its unity began.There were galore(postnominal) battles fought during the American Civil War including the action of Fort Sumter, the Battle of Yorktown, and the Battle of Hanover, however, the most known confrontation is the Battle of Gettysburg. The Battle of Gettysburg took place in Pennsylvania from July 1st through July 3rd of 1863. universal Robert E. leeward (commanding the unite legions) concentrated his full military strength against Major customary George G. Meades Army of the Potomac ( married couple) at the crossroads county seat of Gettysburg.On July 1st, ally and sum forces collided at Gettysburg, with General Lees intention being to engage the Union army and to destroy it. Initially, the Union defended low ridges to the northwest of town. Unfortunately for the two corps of Union infantry and the Union cavalry socio-economic class that was defending the region two large corps of abetter _or_ abettor infantry assaulted them from the north and northwest. This collapsed the hastily positive Union lines of defense and sent the defenders retreating south through the streets of town and to the hills close by.On the second day of battle, July 2nd, most of the Union and quisling armies had been assembled. Fierce fighting raged this day, figuratively and literally staining the ground crimson with blood. despite the onslaught of the Confederacy, the Union managed to make up th eir lines even with the significant losses that they suffered. On July 3rd, the last day of the Battle of Gettysburg, the Union army repulsed the attack with artillery fire, at great losses to the Confederate army. General Lee led his army on a torturous retreat back to Virginia, making the Union the superscript of the battle.But was the Battle of Gettysburg really the turning heyday of the Civil War? All that the Battle of Gettysburg accomplished was prohibiting the Confederacy from further travel into Union territory. This is where the Siege of Vicksburg comes into play. Believed to be 1 of the most remarkable elbow greases of the American Civil War, the Siege of Vicksburg is also arguably the turning point of the Civil War militarily. General Ulysses S. contributes campaign on Vicksburg secured John Pembertons armys throw in on July 4th, 1863 as well as the Mississippi River firmly in Union hands.With that, the Confederacys chance was all besides sealed. Also known as the Battle of Vicksburg, this confrontation was a shutting of a long land and naval campaign by Union forces to capture this strategic position. Abraham capital of Nebraska (the president at the time) recognized the significance of Vicksburg. He said, Vicksburg is the key, the war can never be brought to a close until that key is in our pocket. There were many attempts at securing Vicksburg, the first being in the summer of 1862.It included a prolonged bombardment by Union naval vessels, but alas after the ships withdrew the attempt failed. General Grant was moving his troops on land towards the town from the rear. However, his put forward ended when General Nathan Bedford Forrest of the Confederacy unmake Grants rail supply line, and General Earl new wave Dorn of the Confederacy captured the Union supply base at Holly Springs. General Grant tried again that December, but again was met with failure. Another Union General, General William T. Sherman, led an assault against the hig h ground of the Chickasaw Bluffs north of Vicksburg.To the Unions dismay this resulted in nearly 1,800 casualties of their own with only just over 200 casualties to the Confederate defenders. Because of this, Grants men attempted to find ways through the shallow and narrow bayous to get about what is called the Confederate Gibraltar of the West. After months of trying to find a bypass, Grant finally decided that his army would have to operate south of Vicksburg, which would require the cooperation of the navy. To mask his armys movement down the lah side of the Mississippi river, Grant had Sherman administer two deceptive maneuvers north of Vicksburg.On April 16th, 1863, Rear Admiral David Dixon ostiary traveled down the Mississippi River, running a gauntlet of guns firing from the Vicksburg cliff, and met with Grants army. In the largest amphibious operation ever conducted by an American force before World War II, fashioner and Grant transferred 24,000 men and 60 guns from the west bank to the east bank of the Mississippi. Unopposed at Bruinsburg, Mississippi they landed and began marching toward howling(a) Gulf and Port Gibson which were towns that were to the north along the river.On May 1st, quadruplet parts of the Union army clashed with a Confederate brigade near Port Gibson. This battle cost to each one side between 700 and 900 men. Even with the losses, the two river towns were captured without any more significant fighting between the Union and the Confederacy. With General Sherman leading the rest of General Grants army, they then crossed the river at Grand Gulf, bringing the force to over 45,000 men. He then turned them all inland toward the Mississippi state capital, Jackson.There were two Confederate forces in the area, one in Jackson of only approximately 5,000 soldiers and another at Vicksburg of approximately 26,500 soldiers who were under the leadership of General John C. Pemberton. One of Grants forward-moving divisions came into co ntact with a Confederate force at Raymond on May 12. Although this was not a study battle, it was this confrontation that sent Pembertons army retreating. After hours of confused conflict, the Confederate army withdrew from the battle and ran to the tax shelter of Vicksburg. After a few more battles, General Grant decided to be siege Vicksburg on May 25th, 1863.He devised a plan that is still studied to this day as a basis for siege warfare. Inside the town of Vicksburg, civilians were huddled in caves to avoid the artillery shells that Grants army were evermore bombarding the town with. Foods as well as other much needed supplies were cut off from the town. Animals like dogs, cats, horses, and sometimes even rats were reportedly becoming part of the diets of civilians and soldiers alike. Conditions for the town of Vicksburg became so unbearable that on July 3rd, 1863, General Pemberton of the Confederacy rode out to discuss the terms of surrender of his army.The next morning on July 4th, 1863 Pembertons men began marching out and stacking their guns in surrender to Grants army. The city of Vicksburg was so defeated by the surrender that they would not celebrate Independence Day thereafter until well into the twentieth century. During the Siege of Vicksburg, Union and Confederate forces alike kept busy in their supporting roles on the lanthanum side of the Mississippi River. Lieutenant General Edmund Kirby metalworker of the Confederacy received a telegraph relieve oneself Pemberton requesting a movement against Grants communication lines along the Mississippi.To the Confederacys dismay, Grant had constituted supply depots at Millikens Bend, Youngs Point, and Lake Providence within Smiths jurisdiction. However, Smith failed to recognize the importance of Pembertons situation. It wasnt until June when Smith finally decided to act on Pembertons request the month earlier. To the growing Confederate activity in the area, Grant decided to respond by dispatchi ng troops from the Vicksburg trenches across the Mississippi River. General John G. Walkers Confederate division on the Louisiana side of the Mississippi was of particular concern.Its presence could possibly aid Pembertons Confederate armys escape from the city of Vicksburg. Therefore, the Union sent a brigade in the neck of the woods of Millikens Bend to stop the threat. Many smaller battles were fought to prevent support to those in Vicksburg one included an artillery battery targeting an iron foundry that was recasting spent Union artillery shells as the men returned to De Soto Point. The targeted foundry was destroyed on June 25th. Additional Confederate activity occurred on June 29th at Goodrichs Landing.The Confederates attacked a plantation and army training center run by former slaves. They destroyed the plantations and captured over a hundred former slaves before disengaging in the face of the Union army. Confederate raids such(prenominal) as these were disruptive and caus ed damage, but they were only minor setbacks. They also showed the Confederates that they could only cause momentary disturbances in the area and ultimately would not halt the Union. Later in the Siege of Vicksburg, Union troops tunneled under the 3rd Louisiana Redan and packed the mine with 2,200 pounds of gunpowder, then proceeded to detonate it.The explosion destroyed the Confederate lines on June 25th, while an infantry attack followed the blast. The 45th Illinois Regiment (known as the Lead Mine Regiment) supercharged into the 40 foot diameter 12 foot deep crater with ease, but unfortunately they were stop by the recovering Confederate infantry. The Union soldiers became pinned down while the defenders also rolled the artillery shells with abruptly fuses into the pit with very deadly results. Union engineers worked to set up a casemate in the crater in order to extricate the infantry, and soon the soldiers fell back to a new defensive line.From the crater left field by the ex plosion on June 25th, Union miners worked to dig a new mine to the south and on July 1st this mine was detonated but no infantry attack followed the explosion. This attack was much more undefeated Due to the brilliance of General Grants leadership the fortress city had fallen, and with the surrender of Port Hudson on July 9th, the Mississippi River was firmly in Union hands, leaving the Confederacy effectively split into two. During the Siege of Vicksburg, the Unions casualties mounted up to just under 5,000 men while the Confederacy befogged over 32,000 men.The full forty-seven day siege claimed many lives, but in doing so many were also saved. With the Mississippi in Union hands, communication between the Confederate army was lost, which ultimately secured the fate of the war being in the Unions favor. The Battle of Gettysburg, although a very important employment between the Union and the Confederacy, was not the turning point of the American Civil War militarily. After cut t hrough the Mississippi River on April 30th, 1863, General Ulysses S. Grants Union army waged a fighting campaign and maneuvered to isolate the city of Vicksburg and the Confederate army defending it.The constant defeats Grant and his army inflicted gave the Confederate commander General John C. Pemberton no choice but to retreat to the defenses of the city of Vicksburg and hold out until much needed reinforcements could arrive. On May 19th and May 22nd, General Grant launched a series of frontal assaults against Pembertons forces, suffering heavy casualties. Finding it irresponsible to continue these frontal assaults, Grant decided to lay siege to the city of Vicksburg, ordering his men to dig a series of trenches to the Confederate standings.For 47 days, the Union bombarded Vicksburg while the Confederate soldiers and civilians alike suffered the hardships of siege warfare On July 4th, General Pemberton surrendered his army to General Grant and the Union, ending the siege and grant ed control of the vital Mississippi River in the Norths hands, effectively cutting the Confederacy in half. Grants success here secured the Souths fate and inevitably led to the Union victory. The Battle of Gettysburg was not the turning point of the Civil War considering all that the Union achieved was prohibiting the Confederacy from proceeding north.The Siege of Vicksburg destroyed the Confederacy offensive and ultimately led to the end of the American Civil War with the North as the victors, the abolition of slavery, and the beginning of the reconstruction of the south as well as the United States of America. Bibliography 1. Bearss, Edwin C. field of Honor polar Battles of the Civil War. Washington, D. C National Geographic Society, 2006 2. Hay, Thomas Robson. Confederate leaders at Vicksburg. The Mississippi vale Historical Review. 11. no. 4 (1925) pp. 543-560 3. Hoehling, A. Vicksburg 47 old age of Siege. Stackpole Books, 1996. 400.Print 4. Rhodes, James Ford. The Battle of Ge ttysburg. (1899) pg. 665-677 5. Sabin, Edwin L. Vicksburg, and after creation the view of a Southern Merchant and Non-Combatant during the Sixties. The Sewanee Review. 15. no. 4 (1907) pg. 485-496 6. Woodworth, Steven E. Jefferson Davis and His Generals The Failure of Confederate Command in the West. Lawrence University Press of Kansas, 1990 1 . James Ford Rhodes, The Battle of Gettysburg (1899) pg. 665-677 2 . Rhodes, James Ford. The Battle of Gettysburg. (1899) pg. 665-677 3 .Bearss, Edwin C. handle of Honor polar Battles of the Civil War. Washington, D. C National Geographic Society, 2006 4 . Edwin C. Bearss,Fields of Honor Pivotal Battles of the Civil War, (Washington, D. C National Geographic Society, 2006) 5 . Hoehling, A. Vicksburg 47 Days of Siege. Stackpole Books, 1996. 400. Print. 6 . Bearss, Edwin C. Fields of Honor Pivotal Battles of the Civil War. Washington, D. C National Geographic Society, 2006 7 . Thomas Robson Hay, Confederate Leadership at Vicksburg,T he Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 11, no. 4 (1925) pp. 543-560 8 . Edwin L. Sabin, Vicksburg, and after Being the Experience of a Southern Merchant and Non-Combatant during the Sixties,The Sewanee Review, 15, no. 4 (1907) pg. 485-496 9 . Thomas Robson Hay, Confederate Leadership at Vicksburg,The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 11, no. 4 (1925) pp. 543-560 10 . Steven E. Woodworth,Jefferson Davis and His Generals The Failure of Confederate Command in the West, (Lawrence University Press of Kansas, 1990) 11 . Hoehling, A. Vicksburg 47 Days of Siege. Stackpole Books, 1996. 400. Print 12 . Hoehling, A. Vicksburg 47 Days of Siege. Stackpole Books, 1996. 400. Print
Bangus Production
FISHPOND ENGINEERING 1. INTRODUCTION Fish kitty Engineering is the weak of envisionning, marking and constructing ponds including urine lock structures. Although not entirely new in the Fish Farm diligence, it has gained supranational acceptance and plays an outstanding role for the efficiency of the promote wariness as well up as in attaining loftyer farm output. Fishpond Engineering takes into con grimaceration most especi every last(predicate)y the physical structures and economy of construction base on the proper engineering mapping and application. . SITE SELECTION AND EVALUATION OF EXISTING AREAS 2. 1 piss Supply Water supply is the first-class honours degree and most important factor to con boldnessr in the suitableness of a fishpond site. Usually, water supply comes from a river, a creek or from the ocean. It moldiness meet the feeling and quantity requirement of the pond system passim the year. Water quality is affected by the physical, the chemical, and the biologic para thousands.Such para pulsations argon affected by the 1) by-p gatucts and wastes resulting from urbanization, 2) agricultural pollutants such(prenominal) as pesticides and fertilizers, 3) industrial wastes from pulp mills, sugar, anoint refineries, and textile plants, 4) radio-active wastes, 5) oil pollution arising navigational activities, uncontrolled spillage, and oil exploration. some(a) of these parameters be discussed in expatiate under fishpond steering. Poor quality water several(prenominal) durations ca social functions the fouling of gates, screens or metal pipes. This happens when heavy dredging is being conducted in an bea.Heavy dredging sum ups turbidity and causes the release of organic substances embedded in the terra firma. Once these organic substances atomic number 18 released, they use up atomic number 8 causing naughty biological oxygen demand (BOD). Higher BOD causes oxygen depletion which in turn makes the water foul. Similar con ditions also occur during scarf outs. Water supply in soar upwards-fed farms must(prenominal) be adequate especially during some months of the year when the altitude of high water is at minimum. This enigma git be solved by proper gate digit and by the use of pumps.The graze of chroma f execrable of nearby tidal stream needs also to be considered mea sure as shootingment is do during the run dry stream f pocket-sized and during floods. The selective information obtained give the developer the minimum and utmost rates of discharge. These argon important requirements in fish farm design. For details, refer to Annex I. 2. 2 tidal Characteristic and Ground tip The suitability of a soar upwards-fed bea for a bangus fishpond visualise seems on the relationship in the midst of the tidal regular of the subject argona and its ground meridian.The only free source of energy that could be tapped for flooding a brackishwater coastal pond is tidal energy which is available o nce or twice a daytime depending on geographical location. Five reference displace in the Philippines exhibit five peculiarly different patterns during some months of the year. strain 1 shows in a graphical form the relationship of natural ground prime to tidal characteristic. Tables 1 and 2 show such relationships as they are applicable to the six stations of reference. pic common fig 1 Suitability of Proposed Fishpond Site Based on Tidal Characteristic and Ground whirligig. neighborhood Elevations in Meters Above Mean Lower Low H20 Mean High Water (MHW) Mean sea Level (MSL) Mean Low Water (MLW) Pier 13, South Harbor, Manila 0. 872 0. 479 0. 104 Pier 2, Cebu City 1. 50 0. 722 0. 183 Legaspi Port, Legaspi City 1. 329 0. 744 0. 165 Sta. Ana Port Davao City 1. 405 0. 753 0. 101 Port of Poro, San Fernando, La Union - 0. 372 - Jolo Wharf Jolo, Sulu 0. 631 0. 38 0. 034 Table 1. List of Primary Tide Stations and Datum Planes Highest Lowest Absolute Normal occasional e dition R E M A R K S recorded tide recorded tideannual range low/high(range) (m) (m) (m) (m) PHILIPPINES 1. 4 (-)0. 21 1. 25 (-)0. 03/0. 61(0. 64) Tidal variation too San Fernando, La narrow for proper Union fishpond counselling Manila City 1. 46 (-)0. 34 1. 8 0. 14/1. 05(0. 1) Tidal fluctuation s get outly narrow for proper fishpond management Legaspi City 1. 83 (-)0. 4 2. 23 1. 09/1. 40(1. 9) Tidal fluctuation favorable for proper fishpond management Cebu City 1. 98 (-)0. 4 2. 38 (-)0. 03/1. 49(1. 52) -do- Davao City 1. 98 (-)0. 49 2. 47 (-)0. 03/1. 77(1. 80) -do- Jolo, Sulu 1. 19 (-)0. 12 1. 31 (-)0. 03/0. 98(1. 1) Tidal fluctuation slightly narrow for proper fishpond management Table 2. Suitability of Six Tidal Stations of credit for Fish Farms Areas reached only by the high spring tides should be ruled out as it is expensive to move sizable quantities of imperfection during the process of minelaying. There is that other problem of where to place the excess materials. season these kindle buoy be solved by constructing high and wide perimeter encloses, putting up much than dykes lead create narrow compartments resulting in slight stadium intended for fish production. Low areas on the other hand leave behind require high and more formidable dikes which may opine that primer coat entrust gain to be moved long lengths. The pond hind end should not be so low that drain go forthing be a problem. The best cosmetic surgery for a pond bottom therefore, would at least be 0. 2 meter from the datum plane or at an elevation where you fundament maintain at least 0. meter depth of water inside a pond during ordinary tides. This index should satisfy the requirements of both fish and natural fish food. 2. 2. 1 Tides The attractive forces of both the moon and the sun on the earth surface which changes according to the position of the both planets bring virtually the occur rence of tides. Tides recur with great regularity and uniformity, although tidal characteristic vary in different areas all all over the world. The principal variations are in the oftenness of fluctuation and in the date and point of high and low amniotic fluid.When the sun, the moon and the earth are in a straight rakehell, greater tidal amplitudes are produced. These are called spring tides. Tides of abject amplitudes are produced when the sun and the moon form the extremes of a right trilateral with the earth at the apex. These are called neap tides. When high and low waters occur twice a day it is called a semi-diurnal tide. When the high and the low occur once a day it is called a diurnal tide. The moon passes through a apt(p) meridian at a mean interval of 24 hours and 50 proceeding. We call this interval nonpareil lunar day.Observations reveal that the mean interval between two successive high (or low) waters is 12 hours and 25 minutes. Thus, if there is a high wa ter at 1100 A. M. today, the next high water will take place 12 hours and 25 minutes later, i. e. , 1125 P. M. and the next will be at 1150 A. M. of the pursuit day. individually day the time of tide changes an average of 50 minutes. The difference in the sea water take between successive high and low waters is called the range. Generally, the range becomes maximum during the new and full moon and minimum during the first and last quarter of the moon.The difference in the height between the mean higher high and the mean abase low waters is called the diurnal range. The difference in the tide intervals find in the morning and afternoon is called diurnal inequality. At Jolo, for instance, the inequality is mainly in the high waters while at Cebu and Manila it is in the low waters as well as in the high waters. The average height of all the lower of low waters is the mean lower low (MLLW), or (0. 00) elevations. This is the datum plane of reference for land elevation of fish farms .Prediction of tides for several places throughout the Philippines can be obtained from Tide and Current Tables published annually by the Bureau of Coast and geodesic thought (BCGS). These tables give the time and height of high and low water. The actual tidal fluctuation on the farm however, deviates to some extent from that obtained from the table. The deviation is corrected by observing the time and height of tidal fluctuation at the river adjacent to the farm, and from this, the ratio of the tidal range can be computed. From the corrected data obtained, bench marks scattered in strategic places can be established.These bench marks will serve later on as starting order in find elevations of a busy area. 2. 2. 2 Tide prediction There are six tide stations in the Philippines, that is to say San Fernando, Manila, Legaspi, Cebu, Jolo and Davao stations. Reference stations for other places are listed under the Tidal Differences and Constants of the Tide and Current Tables. The pr edicted time and height of high and low waters each day for the six tide stations can be necessitate right away from the table. Tide predictions for other places are obtained by applying tidal differences and ratios to the daily predictions.Tidal differences and ratios are also instal in the Tide and Current Tables. Let us take for example, the tidal predictions for Iloilo on 23 Sept. 1979. Looking through the tidal differences and constants of the Tide Tables, you will find that reference station for Iloilo is Cebu. The predicted time and height of tides for Cebu obtained from the tide tables on 23 Sept. 1979 are as follows High Low duration top of the inning m Height 0004 1. 3 m 0606 0. 14 m 1216 1. 52 m 1822 0. 18 m (The heights are in meters and reck unmatchabled from mean lower low water (MLLW) 0000 is midnight and 1200 is noon). Again, from the table on Tidal Differences and Constants, the corrections on the time and height of high and low waters for Iloilo are as follows Time Height of High Water Height of Low Water + 0 hr. 05 min. + 0. 09 + 0. 3 Thus, the corrected time and heights of high and low waters for Iloilo are High Low Time Height Time Height 0009 1. 52 m 0611 0. 17 m 1221 1. 61 m 1827 0. 21 m 2. 2. 3 Height of tide at whatever given timeThe height of the tide at any given time of the day may be decided graphically by plotting the tide veer. This can be through with(p) if one needs to roll in the hay the height of the tide at a sealed time. The procedure is as follows On a cross-section paper, plot the high (H) and the low (L) water specifys between which the given time cables lengths (see Fig. 2). Join H and L by a straight breeze and severalize it into four equal parts. Name the points as Q1, M and Q2 with M as the center point. Locate point P1 vertically above Q1 and P2 vertically below Q2 at a distance equal to one tenth part of the range of the tide.Draw a sine curve through points H, P1, M, P2 and L. This curve closely approximates the actual tide curve, and heights for any time may be readily scaled from it. conformation 2 shows the curve on 23 Sept. 1979 for Iloilo. H is 1. 61 m at 1221 hr and L is 0. 21 m at 1827 hr. Since the range is 1. 40 m, P1 is dictated 0. 14 wholes above Q1 and P2 is located 0. 14 units below Q2. The height of the tide at 1430 hr is given by point T to be 1. 22 m. pic Figure 2. Height of Tide at any Given Time for Iloilo on 23 Sept. 1979. 2. 3 colly PropertiesMost of our fishponds are constructed on tidal lands consisting of alluvial demesnes which are adjacent to rivers or creeks near the coastal shores and estuaries at or near sea level elevation. If you pick up a handful of shit and examine it closely, you will find that it is make up of mineral and organic particles of varying sizes. The mineral particles are the clay, back up, and sand while the organic particles are plant and animal matter at various stages of decomposition. Soils are assigned with textural classes depending on their relative property of sand, silt and clay.Each textural class exhibits varying colors which are found on their chemical composition, beat of organic matter and the degree of decomposition. U. S. Department of Agriculture Classification System has categorize soil as GENERAL TERMS Common Names Texture Basic Soil Textural Class Names 1. arenaceous Soils Coarse flaxen Sandy Loam 2. Loamy Soils Moderately Coarse Sandy Loam Fine sandy Loam modal(a) Very fine Sandy Loam Moderately fine Loam disengage Loam Silt 3. bodyey Soils Fine Sandy cadaver form Loam Silty Clay Sandy Clay Loam Clay Silty Clay Loam some properties of soil, which are related to its texture, determine how well suited it is for fishpond purposes.A sandy loam, for instance, is more porous than silty loam and the latter will hold more nutrients than the former. Clay or sandy clay may be the best for dike construction except not as sizeable as clay loam or silty clay loam in terms of growing natural food. So, in general, finer textured soils are superior for fishpond purposes because of their equitable water retention properties. Each soil texture exhibits different workability as soil construction material. Studies conducted show that clayey soil is preferred for diking purposes. Suitability of a soil class as dike material decreases with decreasing percentage of clay present in the multifariousness (see Table 3). classify RELATIVE CHARACTERISTIC COMPACTION CHARACTERISTIC SUITABILITY FOR DIKE MATERIAL PERMEABILITY COMPRESSIBILITY Clay impervious medium fair to correct excellent Sandy clay impervious low good good Loamy semi-pervious high fair to very fair to impervious high poor Silty semi-pervious to medium to good to very poor impervious high poor Sandy pervious negligible good poor Peaty - - - very poor Table 3. Relationship of Soil Classes and Suitability for dike m aterial Sediments are a dominant and observable characteristic in lower areas of brackishwater swamplands.Field observations and laboratory analysis of soil samples interpreted reveal that the majority have a thick layer of loose organic sediments which make them unsuitable for fishpond ontogeny and other infrastructures. Engineering and other technical considerations establish that areas having this graphic symbol of soil are rather difficult to develop because it is directly related to future land development problems such as (1) subsidence and related flood hazards, (2) unavailability of stable and indigenous soil materials for diking, and (3) unavailability of land with adequate load bearing expertness for future infrastructures such as buildings for storage and production facilities.Areas dominated by organic and undecomposed sediments are expected to experience considerable subsidence which ultimately result to loss in effective elevation of the land after development a s a result of drain or controlled water table. Since elevation of most tidal lands converted to brackishwater fishponds are loosely one meter above MLLW, any future loss of elevation out-of-pocket to subsidence shall inc specify the area to severe drain and flooding problems due to blocking effect of seawater during high tides. innate and undecomposed sediments are not a good foundation for dikes nor for diking material. Fishpond areas dominated by this type of soil will mean that there is an inadequacy of indigenous soil materials for diking or filling of lower areas.In the absence of good soil materials, the site under consideration will require importing of soils from the contiguous areas which will make the system of development a very expensive process, or considerable excavation for diking will cause (1) unnecessary exposure of acid organic layers, (2) difficulty in leveling, (3) high bell of dike maintenance and (4) technical problems on seepage losses which will cause difficulty in maintaining water levels in the pond. 2. 3. 1 Field manner for identification of soil texture Sand Soil has granular appearance. It is free-flowing when in a dry state. A handful of air-dry soil when pressed will fall unconnected when released. It will form a chunk which will crumble when lightly touched. It cannot be medaled between thumb and finger when moist. Sandy Loam Essentially a granular soil with sufficient silt and clay to make it somewhat coherent. Sand characteristic predominate. It forms a ball which readily falls apart when lightly touched when air-dry.It forms a ball which bears careful handling without breaking. It cannot be ribboned. Loam A uniform mixture of sand, silt, and clay. Grading of sand fraction is quite uniform from coarse to fine. It is soft and has somewhat gritty feel, notwithstanding is fairly smooth and slightly plastic. When squeezed in hand and pressure is released, it will form a ball which can be handled freely without brea king. It cannot be ribboned between thumb and finger when moist. Silty Loam It contains a cut back amount of finer grades of sand and only a small amount of clay over half of the particles are silt. When dry, it may appear quite cloddy it can be readily broken and pulveriseed to a powder.When air-dry, it forms a ball which can be freely handled. When wet, soil runs together and puddles. It will not ribbon but has a broken appearance it feels smooth and may be slightly plastic. Silt It contains over 80% of silt particles with very little fine sand and clay. When dry, it may be cloddy it is readily pulverized to powder with a soft flour-like feel. When air-dry, it forms a ball which can be handled without breaking. When moist, it forms a cast which can freely be handled. When wet, it readily puddles. It has a tendency to ribbon with a broken appearance it feels smooth. Clay Loam Fine texture soils break into lumps when dry. It contains more clay than silt loam.It resembles clay in a dry condition. Identification is do on physical behaviour of moist soil. When air-dry, it forms a ball which can be freely handled without breaking. It can be worked into a dense mass. It forms a thin ribbon which readily breaks. Clay Fine texture soils break into very hard lumps when dry. It is difficult to pulverize into a soft flour-like powder when dry. Identification is based on cohesive properties of the moist soil. When air-dry, it forms long thin flexible ribbons. It can be worked into a dense compact mass. It has considerable plasticity, and can be moulded. Organic Soil Identification is based on its high organic content.Much consists of thoroughly decomposed organic materials with considerable amount of mineral soil finely separate with some fibrous remains. When considerable fibrous material is present, it may be classified as peat. Soil color ranges from br aver to black. It has high shrinkage upon drying. 2. 4 Studies of Watershed and deluge risk of infectio n 2. 4. 1 Watershed A washbowl is a ridge of high land draining into a river, river system or body of water. It is the region facing or sloping towards the lower lands and is the source of run-off water. The high-risk the area of the watershed, the greater the good deal of run-off water that will drain to the rivers, creeks, swamps, lakes or ocean. Precipitation from a watershed does not unionly drain down as run-off water.A portion of the broad(a)ity rainfall piteous down the watersheds surface is utilize by the plant and becomes a part of the deep ground water supply or seeps slowly to a stream and to the sea. The factor affecting the run-off may be divided into factors associated with the watershed. Precipitation factors take on rainfall duration, intensity and distribution of rainfall in the area. Watershed factors affecting run-off include size and shape of watershed, retention of the watershed, topography and geology of the watershed. The volume of run-off from a wa tershed may be expressed as the average depth of water that would cover the entire watershed. The depth is usually expressed in centimeters. maven day or 24-hours rainfall depth is used for estimating peak discharge rate, thus mickle of Flood Run-off (Q) pic+ S1 Engineering Field Manual For Conservation Practices, 1969, pp 25 to 26 where Q = accumulated volume of run-off in centimeters depth over the drainage area P = accumulated rainfall in cm depth over the drainage area Ia = initial obstruction including surface storage, interception by vegetation and infiltration prior to run-off in cm depth over the drainage area s = potential maximum retention of water by the soil equivalent in cm depth over the drainage area 2. 4. 2 Flood hazardFloods are common in the Philippines due to overflowing of rivers triggered by typhoons and the southwest monsoon rain prevailing over the islands during the rainy season. Overflow of the rivers is largely attributable to the bad pas sage demeanor characteristic such as steep slopes as well as meandering at the lower reach of the river. The network of the tidal streams in some delta areas has been rendered ineffective in conveying the flood-water to the sea due to fishpond construction. Flooding is common in this country and is considered the most destructive enemy of the fishpond industry. The floods of 1972 and 1974 greatly affected the fishpond industry in Central Luzon causing damage amounting to millions of pesos.Because of the floods, fishponds became idle during the time necessary for operators to make repairs and improvements. Floods cannot be controlled, but what is important is to know how a fishpond can be free to some extent from flood hazard. In order to prevent frequent flooding, it is necessary to know the weather conditions in the area where the fishpond suggest is located. The highest flood occuring in an area can be determined by proper gathering of information. In big rivers, the Ministry of Public Works (MPW) records the height of flood waters during rainy seasons. However, in areas where the MPW has no record, the best way is by gathering information from the people who have stayed in the area for many years.The size of the creek, river and drainage line should also be determined to find out whether it can accommodate the run-off water or flood water that drains in the area once the fishpond project is developed. Records of the highest flood in the site, especially during high tide, is very important. It will be the basis in providing allowance for the drainage of flood water coming from the watershed. 2. 5 Climatic Conditions Climate has been described in terms of distribution of rainfall recorded in a neighbourhood during the different months of the year. In the Philippines, it is classified into four climatic zones preferably called weather types, viz. cause I - Two pronounced seasons dry from November to April and wet uring the rest of the year. Type II - No dry season with very pronounced maximum rainfall from November to January. Type III - Season not very pronounced relatively dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year. Type IV - Rainfall more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. The elements that make up the climate of a region are the same as those that make up the weather, the distinction being one mainly of time. But the elements that reverence most fishpond operators are the rainfall, temperature and the prevailing wind direction because they greatly affect fish production directly or indirectly.Data on rainfall and wind direction are very necessary in planning the layout and design of pond system. Knowing past rainfall records, you can more or less decide whether it will be necessary to include a drainage channel in the layout, and how large it will be when constructed. Knowing past rainfall records will also be necessary in computing the height of the secondary and 3rd dikes. Wind on the other hand, plays a role in fishpond design. Strong wind generates waver actions that destroy sides of the dike. This causes great expense in the construction and maintenance. However, this problem can be minimized with proper planning and design.For instance, longer pond dimension should be positioned somewhat jibe to the direction of the prevailing wind (see Fig. 3). This will lessen the side length of the dike exposed to wave action. This orientation of pond compartments will also have some advantageous effects in the management aspect. pic Figure 3. Layout of Pond Compartments Oriented to the Prevailing Wind Direction Nearly every location is theater of operations to what is called the prevailing wind, or the wind blowing in one direction for a major portion of the year. Monsoons are prevailing winds which are seasonal, blowing from one direction over part of the year and from the opposite direction over the remaining part of the year.Trade winds, which generally come from t he east, prevail during the rest of the year when the monsoons are weak. pic Figure 4. Wind Directions Wave action in ponds is caused by wind blowing across the surface. One cannot get alongly control wave action in ponds although it can be minimized. In typhoon belt areas or in areas where a strong wind blows predominantly, it is better to include wind breakers in planning the layout of ponds. 2. 6 Type and Density of Vegetation Mangrove swamps occur in abundance on tidal zones on the coasts of the Philippines which are being converted into fishponds for fish production, but not all mangrove swamps are suitable for fishpond purposes.Some are elevated and are not economically feasible for development others have too low an elevation to develop. The distribution of mangrove species in tropical estuaries depend primarily on the land elevation, soil types, water salinity and current. It has been observed that api-api and pagat-pat trees (Avicennia) abound in elevated areas while baka wan trees (Rhizophora) are mostly found in low areas. It has also been observed that nipa and high tannin trees have a long low pH effect on newly constructed ponds. Presence of certain shrubs and ferns indicate the elevation and frequency of tide water overrunning the area. Certain aquatic plants such as water lily, eel grass and chara sp. indicate low water salinities.The type and density of vegetation, the size, wood density and root system of individual trees greatly affect the method of clearing, procedure of farm development and construction price. Thickly vegetated areas, for instance, will take a long time to clear of stumps. Density of vegetation is classified according to kind, size and quantity per unit area. This is done to determine the toll of land clearing and uprooting of stumps. One method used is by haphazard sampling. The process requires at least five or more samples taken at random, regardless of size, and vegetation is classified according to kind, size and number. Then the findings are tabulated and the average of the samples is determined. However, vegetation of less than 3 cm in diameter is not included.The fall vegetation of the area is determined as follows pic Station genus Nypa BAKAWAN API-API LIPATA BIRIBID (20? 20) NoAvNo. . e. Si ze b = origin GD h = height or distance The total area of the irregular figure is equal to the sum of A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5. pattern Find the area of an irregular figure shown in Figure 13 using the triangulation method. Solution pic pic b. Trapezoidal Rule pic Figure 14. Area Determination Using the Trapezoidal Rule If a field is bounded on one side by a straight line and on the other by a curving boundary, the area may be computed by the use of the trapezoidal rule. Along a straight line AB, Fig. 14, perpendicular offsets are drawn and measured at regular intervals. The area is thusly computed using the following convention pic Where ho, hn = length of end offsets Sh = sum of offsets (except end offsets) d = distance between offsets Example In Fig. 4, if the offsets from a straight line AB to the curved boundary DC are 35, 25, 30, 40, and 10, and are at equal distance of 30, what is the included area between the curved boundary and the straight line? Solution Area ABCD = pic = = 117. 5 ? 30 = 3,525 sq. m. 3. 2. 3 laying out right angles and parallel lines a. Laying out right angles. For instance it is required to lay out the center line of dike B (see Fig. 15) perpendicular to that of dike A using a tape.A simple corollary on the right triplicity states that a triangle whose sides are in proportion of 3, 4, and 5 is a right triangle, the longest side being the hypotenuse. In the figure, point C is the hybridizeion of the two dike centerlines. One man holds the postal code end of the tape at C and 30 m is measured towards B. Again from C, measure 40 m distance towards A and then from A measure a distance of 50 meters towards B. Line CB should intersect line A B. Therefore, line CB is formed perpendicular to line CA. It is al slipway desirable to check the distances to be sure that no mistake has been make. pic Figure 15. Laying Out Right Angles b. Laying out parallel lines. In Figure 16, CD is to be run parallel to AB.From line AB erect perpendicular lines EF and GH in the same manner described in the previous discussion. Measure equal distances of EF and GH from line AB and the line formed through points C and D is the required parallel. pic Figure 16. Laying Out Parallel Lines 3. 3 Topographic suss out 3. 3. 1 Explanation of common terms a. Bench Mark (BM). A bench mark is a point of know elevation of a permanent nature. A bench mark may be established on woody stakes set near a construction project or by nails driven on trees or stumps of trees. Nails set on trees should be near the ground line where they will remain on the stump if the tree will be cut and removed. Procedure on setting up a bench mark is attached as Annex 4.It is a good idea to mark the nail with paint and ring the tree above and below also in case a chain saw is used to cut down the tree. The Philippines Bureau of Coast and geodesical Survey has established bench marks in nearly all cities and at scattered points. They are generally bronze caps securely set on stones or in cover with elevations referenced to mean sea level (MSL). The purpose of these bench marks is to provide control points for topographic mapping. b. Turning picture (TP). A turning point is a point where the elevation is determined for the purpose of traverse, but which is no longer needed after necessary readings have been taken.A turning point should be located on a firm object whose elevation will not change during the process of base the putz set up. A small stone, fence post, temporary stake driven into the ground is good enough for this purpose. c. Backsight (BS). Backsight is a rod reading taken on a point of known elevation. It is the first reading taken on a bench mark or turning point in a flash after the initial or new set-up. d. Foresight (FS). Foresight is a rod reading taken on any point on which an elevation is to be determined. Only one backsight is taken during each set-up all other rod readings are foresights. e. Height of Instrument (HI). Height of instrument is the elevation of the line of sight above the reference datum plane (MLLW).It is determined by adding the backsight rod reading to the known elevation of the point on which the backsight was taken. 3. 3. 2 Transit-stadia method of topographic survey The following describes the procedure of determine ground elevations using the engineers level with a horizontal circle and stadia rod. A transit may be substituted for the level if care is exercised in leveling the telescope. It is false that a bench mark with known elevation has been established. a. Establish your position from a point of known location on the map. In Figure 17, point B is tied to a point of known location on the map, such as deferral monument C of the area. This is done by sighting the instrument atC and noting down the azimuth and distance of line BC. The distance of B from C is determined by the stadia-method discussed under area survey. pic Figure 17. Establishing Position from a Point of Known Location on the Map b. Take a rod reading on the nearest bench mark (BM), as shown in Figure 18, previously installed for such purpose. This reading is called the backsight (BS), the rod being on a point of known elevation. The height of the instrument (HI) is then found by adding the elevation of the bench mark (Elev. ) and backsight (BS), thus H. I. = Elev. + B. S. pic Figure 18. Transit-stadia Method of Topographic Survey c.The telescope is sighted to point D, or any other points desired, and take the rod reading. The reading is called the foresight (F. S. ), the rod being on a point of known elevation. Ground elevation of point D is then determined by subt racting the foresight (F. S. ), from the height of the instrument (H. I. ), thus Elevation = H. I. F. S. d. Similar procedure is used in determining the ground elevation of several points which are within sight from the instrument at point B. The azimuth and distance of all the points sighted from point B are read and recorded in the sample field notes such as shown in Figure 19. Sta. Sta. B. S. Occ. Obs. HAT = Highest astronomic Tide GS = Elevation of the ground Surface MF = maximum Flood level FB = Allowance for clean-handed Board %S = Percent shrinkage and settlement 1. The design height of a secondary dike is calculated using the following formula pic Where Hs = Height of the secondary dike HST = Highest Spring Tide GS = Elevation of the ground Surface MR = Maximum Rainfall within 24 hours FB = Allowance for Free add-in %S = Percent Shrinkage and settlement 2. The design height of a tertiary dike is calculated using the following formula pic Where Ht = He ight of the tertiary dike DWL = Desired Water Level GS = Elevation of the ground Surface MR = Maximum Rainfall within 24 hours FB = Allowance for Freeboard %S = Percent Shrinkage and settlement pic Figure 28. number of Different Dikes 4. 3. 3 Canals. About one to two percent of the total farm area is used in the canal system. The main water supply canal starts from the main gate and usually traverses the substitution portion of the fishfarm. The canal bed should not be lower than, but rather sloping towards, the blow out of the water elevation of the main gate. Generally, the canal bed is given a slope of 1/1500 or one meter difference in elevation for a horizontal distance of 1,500 m. A one meter opening main gate will have a canal bed at least 3. m. wide. This width is enough to supply a 1015 hectares fishpond system considering that the canal dikes have a ratio of 11 slope. Secondary water supply canals are constructed in portions of the farm which cannot be reached b y the main canal. It starts from the main canal and traverses the inner portion of the fishpond. It is usually constructed in large fishpond areas and smaller than the main canal. Generally, secondary supply canal has a bed width of 2. 0 m. A tertiary canal is usually constructed to supply water in the nursery and transition ponds. Because of the small size, it is sometimes say to be a part of the nursery pond system.Some fish culturists modify the tertiary canal as a catching pond. This usually happens when the designed tertiary canal is short, Generally, a tertiary canal has a bed width of 1. 01. 5 m. A recreation canal, when necessary, is also constructed to protect the farm from being flooded with run-off water coming from the watershed. It must be strategically located so that run-off will empty on an established disposal area, natural outlets or prepared individual outlets. It should have the capacity to carry at least the peak run-off from the contributing watershed for a 1 0-year frequency storm. The slope of the diversion canal should be in such a way that water flows towards the drainage area.A drainage canal is constructed when there is a need to have a separate canal for draining raising ponds. This is to improve water management in the pond system. It is usually located at the other side of the pond, parallel to the supply canal. A drainage canal is recommended in intensive culture, especially of shrimps. pic Figure 29. human body of Different Canals 5. PROJECT COST AND PROGRAMMING The worst error a prospective fishfarm operator can make is to develop an area without project exist estimates and a programme of development. Development money is wasted, and management of the area may be difficult or impossible. Poor planning is the major cause of project failure and even leads to personal bankruptcy.It is very necessary that homework of the project damage estimates as well as programme of development be done beforehand any construction is starte d. It is important to know approximately how much will be spent to finish the whole project. It is better that one knows how and when the project will be constructed and completed. The importance of the project cost estimates and programme of development should not be underestimated. 5. 1 Project speak to EStimates The cost of development can be estimated based on the 1) data collect in the area, 2) proposed layout plan, and 3) design and specification of the physical structures and other facilities. 5. 1. 1 Pre-development estimates a. For the preparation of Feasibility Study.Whether the fishpond operator will apply for a loan in the Bank or he will use his own money to finance the development of a fishpond project, a feasibility pack of the area is needed. The feasibility study will be his guide in the development and management of the project. All activities such as the development, management and economic aspects are embodied in the feasibility study. It is a specialized work by engineers, aquaculturist and an economist having special knowledge in fishfarming industry. Usually, for the preparation of the feasibility study, the group charges about 2% to 10% of the total estimated cost of development. b. For the Survey of the Area. An area survey includes a topographic survey, and re-location survey.Whether the area is owned by a private individual or by the government, an area survey by a licensed geodetic Engineer is very important for the proper location and boundary of the land. It is one of the requirements in the application for a 25-year Fishpond Lease Agreement in the BFAR and also in the application for a loan in the Bank. It must be duly approved by the Bureau of Lands. A topographic survey is necessary in the planning and development of the project. A re-location survey must be conducted to check the validity of the approved plan as well as to avoid conflict in the future. An area and topographic survey done by a Geodetic Engineer will cost a bout pic400. 00 for the first hectare or a fraction thereof and pic50. 00 per hectare for the succeeding hectarages.Re-location survey is cheaper than the area and topographic survey. c. For the Construction of a Temporary Shelter. see fishpond laborers generally do not live in the locality. To be more effective they need to have a place to stay during the construction activities. For the construction of a shelter house made of light material, assume a cost of pic300. 00/sq. m. of shelter. This includes materials and labor costs. d. For the Construction of Transport Facilities. Flatboats will be needed in the transport of mudblocks. A banca may be used in going to the site. court of construction varies from locality to locality. A blandboat with dimensions of 8 ? 4 ? 14 will cost around pic500. 00.A small banca will cost around pic600. 00. e. For Representation and Transportation Expenses. This item is not included in the cost of development of a fishpond project. However, it app ears that a big amount is being incurred in representation and theodolite expenses before the project is started. Example of pretermititures are follow-ups of survey plan of the area, FLA application and bank loan. Other expenses are incurred in canvassing of supplies and materials, survey of manpower requirement and equipment needed in the development of a project. Representation and transportation expenses cover about 1020 percent of pre-development cost. 5. 1. 2 Development Proper. a.For the glade of the Whole Area. Clearing the area of vegetation can be divided into three categories, namely 1) cutting and chopping, 2) Falling and burning, and 3) uprooting and removal of stumps and logs. Generally, cutting and chopping costs about pic500. 00 per hectare piling and burning costs about pic300. 00 per hectare and for the uprooting of stumps and removal of logs, costs depend on their size and number per unit area. A hectare pond, for instance, having 200 stumps of size below 15 c m. in diameter will cost about pic800. 00. Stumps numbering 50 pieces with diameter over than 15 cm. will cost about pic1,000. 00 per hectare.Cost for the clearing depends upon the prevailing price in the locality. b. For the Construction and Installation of Gates. Cost of construction and installation of a gate can be calculated based on its design and specification proposed in the area. The two kinds of gate commonly constructed in fishponds ( concrete and wood) will be discussed separately. 1. Estimating the cost of construction and installation of a concrete gate a. Based on the plan of a concrete gate, determine the area and volume of the walls, wings, ball over, bridges, toes, aprons and cut walls and compute for the total volume using the following formula A = L ? W V = A ? t VT = V = V1 + V2 + V3 + Where A = Area L = Length V = Volume W = Width VT = Total volume t = thickness make up the number of bags of cement, and the volume of gravel and sand by multiplying the to tal volume with the factors precomputed for a Class A mixture plus 10% allowance for wastage, thus No. of bag cement = (VT ? 7. 85) + 10% Volume of Gravel = (VT ? 0. 88) + 10% Volume of Sand = (VT ? 0. 44) + 10% Class A mixture has a proportion of 124, that is one part of cement for every two parts of fine coalesce (sand) and four parts of coarse aggregate (gravel). b. Every square meter of a concrete gate uses 6. 0 m. long of reinforcement bar placed at an interval of 0. 25 m. both ways on center. This is equivalent to 1 ? bars at a standard length of 20 feet per bar. The trading floor and toes use the same size of bar, thus No. of reinforcement bar = (Af + 4t) ? 1. 5 Where Af = Area of the floor At = Area of the toes The walls, wings, etcetera use two different sizes of reinforcement bar, thus pic Where Aw = Area of the walls Ax = Area of the wings An = other areas c. Find the total area of a concrete gate by adding all the areas mentioned in (a). await the weight of tie wir e no. 6 by multiplying the total area with a standard value per sq. m. of concrete, thus Weight (kg) = AT ? 0. 3 Kg/sq. m. d. Calculate the volume of boulders needed by multiplying the area of the flooring with the thickness of fill. e. Form impound can be calculated by multiplying the area of walls, wings and bridges by 2. Plywood can also be used as form. Since lumber measurement is still in feet it should be converted into meter, (see conversion table). enforce 2 ? 3 wood for form support. f. Bamboo puno could be calculated from the area of the flooring. A square meter of flooring will require more or less 20 puno staked at an interval of 0. 5 m. both ways on center. This, however, depends upon the hardness of the floor foundation. g. Screens and slabs are calculated based on the design of the concrete gate. h. Assorted nails are calculated based on the thickness of the form lumber used. i. promote cost is 3540% of total material cost. However, close estimates can be computed by determining the cost of labor for the construction and removal of temporary earth dike, excavation of the foundation, staking of bamboo puno, placing of boulders and gravel, construction of forms, concreting of the gate and others. 2. Estimating the cost of construction and installation of a wooden gate. a.Based on the plan of a wooden gate, determine the size and number of lumber for the sidings and flooring. Compute for the total board feet using the following formula pic Where L = Length of lumber in inches W = Width of lumber in inches t = thickness of lumber in inches b. Based on the design and specification of the pillars and braces, compute for the total board feet using once again the above formula. c. Determine the size and number of lumber needed for slabs and screen frames and compute the total board feet. d.Calculate the assorted nails (bronze) based on the lumber used. e. Calculate the coal tar requirement in gallons. f. Calculate the cost of nylon and bamboo s creens. g. Calculate the labor cost at 3040% of the material cost or calculate in detail according to the labor requirement. Calculation includes the construction, painting and installation of the wooden gate and excavation of the floor foundation. c. For the Construction of the Proposed Dikes. Dikes constructed in fishponds vary in sizes. Bigger dikes are, of course, more high-priced to construct than smaller dikes. In other words, the perimeter or main dike will expend more than the secondary or tertiary dikes.The cost of construction is calculated based on the volume of soil filled and generally it costs pic6. 00 per cubic meter. Labor cost, however, depends on the prevailing price in the locality. Transport distance of soil material to the dike is also considered in calculating the cost of construction. keen-sighted transport distance decreases individual output per day and thus will increase construction cost. working(a) eight hours a day, one skilled worker can finish dikin g, using one flat boat, based on the following distances 10 100 meter distance 6 7 cu. m. /day 101 300 meter distance 5 6 cu. m. day 301 500 meter distance 4 5 cu. m. /day d. For the Excavation and Leveling of Ponds. Cost for excavation depends upon the volume of soil leftfield(a) inside the pond after the dikes have been constructed. Considering that some soils have been excavated for diking purposes, only about 60% is left for excavation. Generally, escavation costs about pic2. 00 per cu. m. depending upon the prevailing labor cost in the locality. After excavation, leveling of the pond bottoms follows. This involves the cut-and-fill method (excavation and dumping to low portions).Generally, leveling costs about pic2,000. 00 per hectare. e. For the Construction of Facilities. Facilities include the caretakers house, working shed, bodega, chilling tanks, etc. For proper estimates there should be a simple plan of the facilities. However, rough estimates can be made bas ed on the floor area of a house to be constructed. For a house made of light materials, assume a cost of pic400. 00 per sq. m. floor area and for concrete structures, assume pic1,000. 00 per sq. m. All assumed costs include materials and labor based on 1979 price of materials. f. For the Purchase of Equipment. A fishpond project cannot be operated without equipment.Examples are fish nets, digging blades, shovels, scoop nets, bolos, etc. These items should be included as part of the total development cost. Such equipment should be listed and calculated. g. Contingencies. There should be a contingency fund for unforeseen expenditures, increase of prices and other materials not included in the above calculations. Assume 10% of the above costs for contingencies. 5. 1. 3 Cost estimate For the purpose of determining the cost of developing a new brackishwater fishfarm project, a typical example of a 50-hectare fishpond project applied to the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources for a 25-year Fishpond Lease Agreement is presented below. I. Pre-Development 1. For the preparation of feasibility study pic1,000. 00 2. Re-location of boundaries 2,000. 00 3. For the construction of temporary shelter for laborers (light materials) 4,000. 00 4. For the construction of flatboats, 5 units at pic500. 00/unit 2,500. 00 5. For the leverage of small banca, 1 unit at pic600. 00 600. 00 6. For representation and transportation expenses 3,000. 00 Sub-total pic13,100. 00 II. Development Proper 1. Clearing of the area at pic600. 00/ha. (cutting, chopping, burning & removal of logs pic30,000. 00 2. Construction of dikes (filling, compacting and shaping by manual labor) a. Main dike along bay and river 1,920 bilinear meters, 6. 0 m base, 2. 0 m crown and 2. 25 m103,680. 00 height or a total of 17,280 cum. at pic6. 00/cu. b. Main dike along upland, 840 linear meters, 5. 5 m base, 2. 0 m crown, and 2. 0 m height 37,800. 00 or a total of 6,300 cu. m at pic6. 00/cu. m c. Main canal dike, 980 linear meters, 5. 0 m base, 2. 0 m crown, and 1. 8 m height, or a 33,957. 00 total of 6,174 cu. m. at pic5. 50/cu. m d. Secondary dike, 2,540 linear meters, 4. 0 m base, 1. 0 m crown & 1. 5 m height or a 52,387. 50 total of 9,525 cu. at pic5. 50 per cu. m e. Secondary canal dike, 400 linear meters, 4. 0 m base, 1. 5 m crown and 1. 4 m height, or8,470. 00 a total of 1,540 cu. m at pic5. 50 per cu. m f. Tertiary canal dike, 240 linear meters, 3. 5 m base, 1. 5 m crown and 1. 2 m height or a3,600. 00 total of 720 cu. m at pic5. 00 per cu. m g. Tertiary dike, 700 linear meters, 3. 0 m base, 1. 0 m crown and 1. m height or a total7,000. 00 of 1,400 cu. m at pic5. 00 per cu. m 3. Construction and installation of gates a. Main double opening concrete gate, 2 units at pic20,000/unit including labor cost 40,000. 00 b. Construction and installation of 10 units secondary wooden gates at pic3,000. 00 per30,000. 00 unit c. Construction and installation of 15 units tertiary wooden gates at pic1,500/unit 22,500. 00 4. Excavation and levelling of pond bottoms (cut-and-fill) a. Nursery Pond, 1. 5 ha at pic2,000/hectare 3,000. 00 b. Transition Pond, 4. 0 ha at pic2,000/ha 8,000. 00 c. Formation Pond, 8. 0 ha at pic2,000/ha 16,000. 00 d. Rearing Pond, 32. 0 ha at pic2,000/ha 64,000. 00 5. Uprooting and removal of stumps at pic600/ha 30,000. 00 6. For the construction of facilities a. Caretakers Hut made of light materials, 2 units at pic6,000/unit 12,000. 00 b. Bodega, made of light materials for inputs and equipment, 1 unit 5,000. 00 c. Chilling tank with shed, made of light materials 3,000. 00 7. For the purchase of equipment a. Nets for harvesting 3,000. 00 b. Digging blades and carpentry tools 1,000. 00 c. Containers 2,000. 00 8. Contingencies (10% of cost) 52,350. 05 Sub-total pic562,750. 55 T O T A L pic575,850. 55 E STIMATED COST FOR ONE UNIT DOUBLE OPENING MAIN CONCRETE accession I. Cost of Materials Quantity Unit Price Amount 1. Cement 140 bags pic24. 00/bag pic3,360. 00 2. Sand 10 cu. m. 60. 00/cu. m 600. 00 3. Gravel 20 cu. m 80. 00/cu. m 1,600. 00 4. Boulders 8 cu. m 50. 00/cu. m 400. 00 5. Reinforcement Bar a) ? ? ? 20 80 pcs 22. 00/pc 1,760. 00 b) ? 3/8 ? 20 35 pcs 12. 00/pc 420. 00 6. Plywood form 49 pcs 48. 00/pc 2,352. 00 (? ? 4 ? 8) 7. Lumber (S4S) a) 2 ? 2 ? 12 30 pcs 3. 0/bd. ft 360. 00 b) 2 ? 3 ? 12 16 pcs 3. 00/bd. ft 288. 00 c) 1 ? 2 ? 12 10 pcs 3. 00/bd. ft 60. 00 d) 1 ? 12 ? 12 6 pcs 3. 00/bd. ft 216. 00 8. Assorted Nails 10 kgs 7. 50/kg 75. 00 9. G. I. fit 16 20 kgs 8. 00/kg 160. 00 10. Bamboo Puno 400 pcs 4. 00/pc 1,600. 00 Sub-total pic13,251. 00 II. Labor (40% of material cost) 5,300. 00 III. Contingencies (10% of material cost) 1,325. 00 T O T A L pic19,876. 00 say pic20,000. 00 ESTIMATED COST FOR ONE UNIT SECON DARY WOODEN GATE I. Cost of Materials Description Quantity Unit Price Amount 1. Ply Board 1? 10? 14 34 pcs. pic3. 00/bd. ftpic1,190. 00 . 1? 10? 8 3 pcs. 3. 00/bd. ft. 60. 00 2. Slabs 1? 12? 14 2 pcs. 3. 00/bd. ft. 84. 00 3. Pillars and Braces 2? 3? 10 4 pcs. 3. 00/bd. ft. 60. 00 2? 3? 8 7 pcs. 3. 00/bd. ft. 84. 00 2? 3? 14 2 pcs. 3. 00/bd. ft. 42. 00 3? 4? 10 12 pcs. 3. 00/bd. ft. 360. 00 4. Screen Frames 2? 3? 16 2 pcs. 3. 00/bd. ft. 48. 00
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